Diets high in glycemic index and glycemic load are associated with an increased risk of metabolic syndrome among Korean women |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona, Verona, Italy;2. Pediatric Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Pediatrics, and Gynaecology, University Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy;3. Clinical Analysis Laboratory and Transfusional Medicine, ‘‘IRCCS Sacro Cuore-Don Calabria’’ Hospital, Negrar (VR), Italy;4. Division of Cardiology, ‘‘IRCCS Sacro Cuore-Don Calabria’’ Hospital, Negrar (VR), Italy;5. Section of Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement, University Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy;1. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Mexico;2. Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Mexico;1. Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy;2. Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy;3. Istituto di Biofisica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Palermo, Italy;1. Department of Cardiology, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People''s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510080, China;2. Department of Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coronary Heart Disease Prevention, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People''s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510080, China;3. The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China;4. Department of Cardiology, The First People''s Hospital of Foshan, Guangdong Province, 528000, China;5. Guangdong Provincial People''s Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510100, China;6. Department of Cardiology, Longyan First Hospital Affiliated with Fujian Medical University, Longyan, 364000, China;7. Department of Information Technology, Guangdong Provincial People''s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510080, China;1. Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia;2. Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia;3. School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, Australia;4. Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia;5. St. Vincent''s Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia;6. University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia;7. Department of Medicine, St. Vincent''s Hospital, Melbourne, Australia;1. Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China;2. Postgraduate Affairs Section, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China;3. School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing, PR China |
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| Abstract: | Background and aimsAccurate estimation of the glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) of diets is essential when assessing health implications of dietary GI and GL. The present study aimed to estimate dietary GI and GL utilizing the updated GI tables with a large number of new, reliable GI values and assess their associations with metabolic syndrome among Korean adults.Methods and resultsWe analyzed data from 3317 men and 6191 women for this cross-sectional study. Dietary intake was assessed with a validated food frequency questionnaire. Metabolic syndrome and its components were defined based on the harmonized criteria with Korean-specific cutoffs for waist circumference. Multivariate logistic regression was used to estimate adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Compared with women in the lowest quintiles of energy-adjusted dietary GI and GL, women in the highest quintiles had significantly greater risks of metabolic syndrome (GI, OR = 1.56, 95% CI = 1.18–2.06; GL, OR = 1.80, 95% CI = 1.27–2.57), elevated blood pressure, reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C, both GI and GL), elevated triglycerides (GI only), elevated waist circumference, and elevated fasting glucose (GL only). Among men, no significant association was noted except for a higher risk of reduced HDL-C (OR = 1.59, 95% CI = 1.01–2.29) in the highest quintile of energy-adjusted dietary GI than in the lowest quintile.ConclusionOur findings suggest that dietary GI and GL are positively associated with metabolic syndrome risk among women, but not men, in Korea. |
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| Keywords: | Glycemic index Glycemic load Metabolic syndrome Sex difference Korean adults BMI" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kwrd0040" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" body mass index CI" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kwrd0050" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" confidence Interval FFQ" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kwrd0060" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" food frequency questionnaire GI" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kwrd0070" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" glycemic index GL" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kwrd0080" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" glycemic load HDL-C" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kwrd0090" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ISO" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kwrd0100" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" International Standards Organization MET" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kwrd0110" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" metabolic equivalent OR" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kwrd0120" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" odds ratio |
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