G2 arrest in response to topoisomerase II inhibitors: the role of p53

We have previously found that the overexpression of p53 causes G(2) arrest and represses the synthesis of cyclin-dependent kinase 1 and cyclin B1, two proteins required for cells to traverse from G(2) into M. G(2) arrest occurs in response to DNA damage caused by a variety of agents and treatments. Here, we investigate the role of p53 in the G(2) arrest that occurs in response to the topoisomerase inhibitors etoposide and merbarone. In HT1080 cells expressing a dominant-negative form of p53, treatment with etoposide still caused G(2) arrest, but the arrest could be overcome by additional treatment with caffeine, which inhibits the damage-responsive kinases ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) and atm and rad3-related (ATR). However, caffeine could not overcome etoposide-induced G(2) arrest in HT1080 cells with functional p53. We conclude that etoposide activates two pathways, one of which depends on p53 and the other of which is sensitive to caffeine, and that either pathway is sufficient to activate G(2) arrest. Etoposide inhibits topoisomerase II by trapping the enzyme in a complex with cleaved DNA. Inhibition of topoisomerase II with merbarone, which does not stabilize a cleavage complex, causes G(2) arrest by a checkpoint that monitors the decatenation of chromatin. We find that caffeine can abrogate merbarone-induced G(2) arrest even in cells with functional p53, indicating that p53 does not contribute to the decatenation-sensitive response. Thus, p53 has a differential role in effecting G(2) arrest in response to topoisomerase II inhibitors, depending upon the mechanisms of action of the inhibitors tested.