探讨农村改炉改灶的途径

目的通过模拟实验，提出农村改进炉灶的途径。方法在模拟房间测定了室内空气污染物浓度和回风炉热工性能，室内空气污染物浓度、换气次数、炉灶热工性能测试分别按国家标准规定进行。结果①炉灶烟囱从下到上全部为负压，居室内安装有烟囱的炉灶可使室内空气质量达到卫生标准；②提高烟囱高度可造成较大负压，提高排烟量，促进燃烧，但排烟热损失和燃料消耗也随之增加；③实验的炊事、取暖回风炉的平均火力强度、炊事热效率、取暖热效率、烟气热损失等数据表明其结构较合理；④砖砌燃煤燃柴台灶的烟气热损失、取暖热效率表明燃烧热量没有得到较好利用，木柴燃烧速度快，需要空气量大，应选用较大断面烟囱。结论居室内安装有烟囱的炉灶可有效控制燃煤燃柴造成的室内空气污染；提出了包括合理的炉灶结构、适宜的烟囱高度和断面、增设炕烟道取暖、热水器等多种控制污染和节能的改进炉灶途径。

Investigation of the Paths for Improving Stoves in Rural Area

Objective Improper design and use of stoves are the main causes of indoor air pollution in rural area. In order to improve the indoor air quality to meet the hygienic standard and conserve energy, tests were carried out in a test room which include the air change rates, concentrations of air pollutants, the thermal dynamic features of stoves, the paths for improving stoves were investigated. Methods Tests of air change rate, concentrations of air pollutants and the thermal dynamic features of stoves were conducted according to the related GB methods. Results （ 1 ） The static pressures of air in the stove chimney from bottom to top are all negative, the indoor air quality of residential room equipped with stove with chimney could meet the hygienic standard. （2） Chimney with greater height will create greater negative pressure, greater ex- haust air volume and greater stove burning intensity; on the contrary, it will causes greater heat loss by exhaust air and more fuel consumption. （3） For the steel stove with circular air for cooking and heating using coal as fuel, the data of average burning intensity, the thermal efficiency for cooking, the thermal efficiency for heating, the rate of heat loss by exhaust gas showed that the structure of the stove is reasonable. （4）For brick stove with coal or wood as fuel, the rate of heat loss by exhaust gas and the thermal efficiency for heating showed that the thermal energy by burning fuel was not utilized reasonably; the burning rate of wood is faster than coal, more air is needed, a chimney with larger cross - section area should be designed for stove using wood as fuel. Conclusion Installing stove with chimney in residential room could effectively control the indoor air pollution caused by burning coal or wood; Different paths including reasonable stove structure, proper chimney height and cross section, additional bed stove and device for heating water to control air pollution and conserve energy for improving stove are suggested.