Dynamic changes of Th1/Th2/Th17 cytokines and human beta defensin 2 in HIV-infected patients with oral candidiasis during the first year of highly active anti-retroviral therapy |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, College of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, China;2. Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, Guangxi Medical University, China;3. Guangxi Center for Disease Prevention and Control, China;1. Oral and Dental Disease Research Center, Department of Oral Medicine, Dental Research Center, Zahedan University Of Medical Science, Faculty of Dentistry, Zahedan, Iran;2. Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran;3. Department of Oral Medicine, Gorgan University Of Medical Science, Faculty of Dentistry, Gorgan, Iran;1. UNESP – Univ. Estadual Paulista, Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Public Health, Araçatuba Dental School, Rua José Bonifácio, 1193, Araçatuba, SP CEP 16015050, Brazil;2. The Forsyth Institute, Department of Microbiology, Cambridge, MA, USA;3. Harvard University, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA;1. Department of Dental Medicine, Winthrop University Hospital, 200 Old Country Road, Suite 460, Mineola, NY 11501, USA;2. Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Radiology and Medicine, New York University College of Dentistry, 345 E. 24th Street, New York, NY 10010, USA;1. Research Institute of Innovative Technology for the Earth, Kizugawa City, Kyoto 619-0292, Japan;2. Key Laboratory of Ocean Energy Utilization and Energy Conservation of Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China |
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| Abstract: | ObjectiveTo investigate the change of Th1/Th2/Th17 cytokines and human beta defensin 2 (HBD-2) in HIV-infected patients with oral candidiasis (OC) and gather information about OC-specific immunity.DesignDuring the 1st year of highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART), 25 HIV-infected patients were followed up at the baseline, 3rd, 6th, 12th month. At each visit, oral manifestations were examined; oral rinses were collected and cultured for Candida; peripheral venous blood was taken to determine CD4 + T cell counts and HIV RNA viral load (VL); both unstimulated whole saliva and peripheral venous blood were taken to determine cytokine (IL-4, IL-17(A/F), IFN-γ) and HBD-2 levels. Twenty-five healthy individuals were enrolled as control.ResultsHIV-infected patients displayed lower levels of IL-17(A/F) and IFN-γ but higher level of IL-4 and HBD-2 compared with healthy controls. During the 1st year of HAART, salivary IL-17(A/F) and IFN-γ were in uptrend, whereas salivary IL-4 and salivary HBD-2 were in downtrend. Serum cytokines all show no significant changes. After 1 year of HAART, serum, salivary IL-4 level and salivary IL-17(A/F) showed no significant difference from healthy controls. HIV-infected patients with OC had a higher IL-4 level but lower IFN-γ and IL-17(A/F) levels than those without OC since the 3rd month of HAART. The occurrence of OC was negatively correlated to IL-17(A/F) and IFN-γ, but positively correlated to IL-4. Salivary HBD-2 expression was up-regulated in HIV and might associate with Candida albicans.ConclusionsIn HIV-infected patients, the decrease of IL-17 and IFN-γ, and the increase of IL-4 in local and systemic level could influence the prevalence of OC. Salivary HBD-2 may also play an important role against OC. |
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| Keywords: | HIV HAART Oral candidiasis Cytokines HBD-2 |
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