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Effects of cigarette smoke on Toll‐like receptor (TLR) activation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) macrophages |
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| Authors: | H. J. Metcalfe S. Lea D. Hughes R. Khalaf K. Abbott‐Banner D. Singh |
| Affiliation: | 1. The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University Hospital South Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, NIHR South Manchester Respiratory and Allergy Clinical Research Facility, , Manchester, UK;2. Novartis Institute Biomedical Research, , Horsham, UK |
| Abstract: | |
| Keywords: | COPD macrophage cigarette smoke TLR bacteria immune response |