Helicobacter pylori eradication may induce de novo, but transient and mild, reflux esophagitis: Prospective endoscopic evaluation

Backgrounds and Aim:  The effect on reflux esophagitis of eradicating Helicobacter pylori is variable and not fully defined. We previously reported that in patients who have reflux esophagitis associated with duodenal ulcer, a significant improvement in the pre-existing reflux esophagitis occurred after H. pylori was eradicated. In the present study, we asked whether H. pylori eradication leads to de novo development of reflux esophagitis in peptic ulcer patients.
Methods:  Prospective post-eradication evaluations were conducted in 1195 H. pylori -positive patients with peptic ulcer diseases who were confirmed not to have reflux esophagitis by endoscopic examination before eradication therapy. After eradication therapy, endoscopy and a urea breath test were performed yearly.
Results:  A total of 1187 patients were followed for up to 10.0 years (a mean of 3.6 years). Reflux esophagitis developed in 279 of 1000 patients cured of infection and in 26 of 187 patients who had persistent infection ( P  < 0.0001, Fisher's exact test). The esophagitis was mild (Los Angeles grade A) in most patients, transient in approximately one-half, and rarely necessitated long-term medication for the condition. Cure of infection, alcohol consumption, younger age, and high body mass index were identified as significant factors for the risk of developing non-transient reflux esophagitis.
Conclusions:  Cure of H. pylori infection may increase the risk of developing reflux esophagitis in patients with peptic ulcer, but the esophagitis is mostly mild and transient, and long-term medication is rarely required. Thus, H. pylori eradication therapy need not be withheld for fear of provoking reflux esophagitis.