Profile of 513 patients with alopecia areata: associations of disease subtypes with atopy, autoimmune disease and positive family history

BACKGROUND: Several lines of evidence support a genetic component to alopecia areata (AA), including differences in patients based on severity of AA, associated diseases and family history. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to examine clinical and genetic features of patients with AA with a focus on associated diseases, especially atopy, and family history of AA in the USA. METHODS: From 1998 to 2001, 513 patients with AA completed interviews consisting of demographic information, patient's medical history, and family history of AA. RESULTS: Forty per cent of respondents had alopecia totalis and/or universalis (AT/AU). These patients were younger at the age of onset than those with patchy AA (P < 0.001), were more likely to have associated autoimmune or atopic disease (P = 0.047), most notably atopic dermatitis (P = 0.021) and thyroid disease (P = 0.012). They also had a greater number of relatives affected by AA (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings show marked associations between severity of AA, atopic dermatitis, thyroid disease and other autoimmune diseases, and extensive family history of AA, suggesting two clinically distinct subtypes of AA with the severe subtype possibly associated with greater familial autoimmunity. Further research exploring the possibility of a genetic basis to explain these clinical findings will be helpful in clarifying our understanding of AA, leading to improvements in diagnosis and treatment.