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A morphological evidence of direct connections from the cochlear nuclei to tensor tympani motoneurons in the cat: a possible afferent limb of the acoustic middle ear reflex pathways
Authors:Kazuo Itoh   Sakashi Nomura   Akira Konishi   Yukihiko Yasui   Tetsuo Sugimoto  Noboru Muzino
Affiliation:1. Department of Anatomy (1st Division), Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606 Japan;2. College of Medical Technology, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606 Japan;1. National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China;2. School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China;3. PTN Graduate Program, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China;4. Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China;1. Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, 4058 Basel, Switzerland;2. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, 04103 Sachsen, Germany;3. Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland;4. Department of Ophthalmology, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland;1. National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China;2. Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China;3. Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China;4. Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou, China;5. The Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology, Ministry of Education and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China;6. Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, National Health Commission of China (NHC), Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Peking Union Medicine College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100021, China;7. Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China;1. Synaptic Transmission in Energy Homeostasis Group, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Gleueler Strasse 50, 50931 Cologne, Germany;2. Department of Neuronal Control of Metabolism, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany;3. Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA;4. Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA;5. Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Preventive Medicine (CEDP), University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 26, 50924 Cologne, Germany;6. Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Straße 26, Cologne 50931, Germany;1. Columbia University School of Nursing, New York, NY;2. Office of Research and Development, Department of Veteran Affairs, Washington DC, WA;3. Connell School of Nursing, Boston College, Boston, MA;4. University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Philadelphia, PA;5. Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX;6. School of Nursing, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA;7. M. Louise Fitzpatrick College of Nursing, Villanova University, Villanova, PA;8. Department of Healthcare Management, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany;9. John Chambers College of Business and Economics, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV;1. Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States;2. Metabolism Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States;3. Nutrition Obesity Research Center at Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States;4. Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, United States;5. Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, United States;6. Epidemiology and Prevention, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States;7. Bariatric and Weight Management Center, Wake Forest Baptist Health, Winston-Salem, NC, United States;8. Center on Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States;9. Sticht Center for Healthy Aging and Alzheimer’s Prevention, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States;10. Hypertension and Vascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Sciences Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States;11. Maya Angelou Center for Healthy Equity, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States;12. Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland;13. APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland;14. University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom;15. Wellcome-Medical Research Council (MRC) Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom;16. Addenbrooke''s Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom;17. Department of Pharmacology, Psychology Department (Biopsychology Area), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States;18. National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, AZ, United States;19. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease, Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, Phoenix, AZ, United States;20. Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States;21. Division of Women’s Health, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States;22. Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States;23. Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States;24. Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States;25. Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States;26. Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States;27. Univeristy of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States;28. Univeristy of Washington Nutrition and Obesity Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States;29. Clinical and Translational Research Services Core, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States;30. Division of General and Gastrointestinal (GI) Surgery, Center for Weight Management and Wellness, Advanced Minimally Invasive Fellowship, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States;31. Pediatric Endocrinology and Obesity Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States;32. Pediatric Program MGH Weight Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
Abstract:The central circuitry of the acoustic middle ear reflex activating the tensor tympani muscle was studied in the cat by tracer methods using horseradish peroxidase (HRP), wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) or HRP conjugated with WGA (WGA-HRP). The results indicate that the dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei send fibers to motoneurons innervating the tensor tympani muscle, bilaterally with an ipsilateral dominance.
Keywords:acoustic middle ear reflex   cochlear nucleus   trigeminal motor nucleus   tensor tympani muscle   cat   horseradish   peroxidase (HRP)   wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP)   WGA
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