Exploration and support in psychotherapeutic environments for psychotic patients.

Clinical experience and previous investigations suggest that insight-oriented milieu therapy with psychotic patients presupposes a specific balance of explorative and supportive factors in the milieu. Explorative and supportive factors were translated here to two optimal ward atmosphere profiles using the subscales in the Community-oriented Programs Environment Scale (COPES) as profile variables. Three Swedish therapeutic communities for psychotic patients were then studied by means of COPES. The study showed distinct patterns in these units regarding deviations from the optimal profiles, differences in the balance between the explorative and supportive factors, divergences between explicit treatment philosophy and the perceived ward atmosphere, and differences between patient and staff perceptions of the ward atmosphere. These patterns followed a continuum from a self-governing, nonhierarchical and nonmedical organization to a hierarchical unit that is an integral part of the medical care organization. The conclusion was that a beneficial psychotherapeutic environment requires consistency in the applied treatment model, including an organization and setting that corresponds to the explicit treatment philosophy, well mirrored in the patients' perceptions.