The infected implant. Part 1: bacteriology

Periprosthetic infection is a significant complication in joint replacement surgery and develops in 0.5-2% of cases. Staphylococcus aureus and commensal microorganisms of the skin, especially coagulase-negative staphylococci, as well as a broad spectrum of other potential pathogens typically already colonize the surface of the foreign body at the time of implantation. Specific mechanisms such as bacterial adhesion to host factors absorbed in the material, biofilm formation, and a metabolic adaptation of adherent microorganisms play a particularly important role in the pathogenesis and course of the disease. Microbiological diagnosis requires to some extent complex culture procedures of puncture specimens or tissue removed during surgery; this can be supplemented by modern molecular testing. Antimicrobial treatment must be conceived as a synopsis of clinical picture, confirmed pathogen, and the intended surgical procedure on an individual basis and is routinely administered as combination therapy for several weeks, sometimes also as sequential therapy. Validated preventive measures in joint replacement surgery include mandatory perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis and other additional measures.