Structural adaption of axons during de‐ and remyelination in the Cuprizone mouse model

Multiple Sclerosis is an autoimmune disorder causing neurodegeneration mostly in young adults. Thereby, myelin is lost in the inflammatory lesions leaving unmyelinated axons at a high risk to degenerate. Oligodendrocyte precursor cells maintain their regenerative capacity into adulthood and are able to remyelinate axons if they are properly activated and differentiate. Neuronal activity influences the success of myelination indicating a close interplay between neurons and oligodendroglia. The myelination profile determines the distribution of voltage‐gated ion channels along the axon. Here, we analyze the distribution of the sodium channel subunit Nav1.6 and the ultrastructure of axons after cuprizone‐induced demyelination in transgenic mice expressing GFP in oligodendroglial cells. Using this mouse model, we found an increased number of GFP‐expressing oligodendroglial cells compared to untreated mice. Analyzing the axons, we found an increase in the number of nodes of Ranvier in mice that had received cuprizone. Furthermore, we found an enhanced portion of unmyelinated axons showing vesicles in the cytoplasm. These vesicles were labeled with VGlut1, indicating that they are involved in axonal signaling. Our results highlight the flexibility of axons towards changes in the glial compartment and depict the structural changes they undergo upon myelin removal. These findings might be considered if searching for new neuroprotective therapies that aim at blocking neuronal activity in order to avoid interfering with the process of remyelination.