Beyond 2D: 3D bioprinting for skin regeneration

Essential cellular functions that are present in tissues are missed by two‐dimensional (2D) cell monolayer culture. It certainly limits their potential to predict the cellular responses of real organisms. Engineering approaches offer solutions to overcome current limitations. For example, establishing a three‐dimensional (3D)‐based matrix is motivated by the need to mimic the functions of living tissues, which will have a strong impact on regenerative medicine. However, as a novel approach, it requires the development of new standard protocols to increase the efficiency of clinical translation. In this review, we summarised the various aspects of requirements related to well‐suited 3D bioprinting techniques for skin regeneration and discussed how to overcome current bottlenecks and propel these therapies into the clinic.