Aspects of breast cancer control: Is prophylactic mastectomy a feasible modality?

Even though mammographic techniques have improved and small tumors of 0.5 cm in diameter can be detected, decreased breast cancer mortality has not yet resulted. Because small tumors may cause systemic spread, in many patients breast cancer at the time of diagnosis is a systemic disease which is incurable. A reduction in breast cancer mortality seems possible by prophylactic bilateral mastectomy in women at extraordinary high risk of breast cancer. These are patients with (a) breast cancer in mother and sister, (b) breast cancer in mother or sister and a combination of various risk factors (early menarchelate menopause, nulliparity, late first pregnancy), (c) noninvasive malignant breast disease (carcinoma $\text{in situ}$), (d) therapy-resistant fibrocystic disease with intolerable pain and/or extreme anxiety (carcinophobia), and (e) benign breast neoplasia with malignant potentials (cellular atypia = precancerosis). Also, in breast cancer patients without regional and systemic spread and who are at high risk for developing cancer in the other breast, prophylactic contralateral mastectomy may be indicated. These are patients with (a) unilateral invasive breast cancer in the premenopause and a family history (mother or sister) of breast cancer, (b) unilateral invasive lobular carcinoma or tubular (ductal) carcinoma, and (c) unilateral invasive breast cancer and precancerous lesions in the other breast.