Tolerance for and potential indicators of second-hand smoke exposure among nonsmokers: A comparison of self-reported and cotinine verified second-hand smoke exposure based on nationally representative data |
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| Affiliation: | 1. National Cancer Control Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea;2. Graduate School of Cancer Science & Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea;3. National Cancer Center Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea;1. Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital and Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea;2. Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital and Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea;3. Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital and Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea;4. Department of Brain and Cognitive Science, Seoul National University College of Natural Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea;1. Department of Medicine, Discipline of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Federal University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil;2. Department of Evidence-Based Medicine, Brazilian Cochrane Centre, Federal University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil;3. Department of Medicine, Discipline of Endocrinology, Federal University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil;1. University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, United States;2. University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, United States;3. Bassett Research Institute, Cooperstown, NY, United States |
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| Abstract: | ObjectiveWe assessed the extent to which self-reported exposure to SHS underestimates the actual exposure to SHS and what factors are associated with a tolerance for SHS exposure in the Korean setting where the smoke-free policy is incomplete.MethodsInformation on socio-demographic characteristics, alcohol drinking and smoking was collected for 7948 nonsmokers aged ≥ 19 years from the fourth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2008–2009. Self-reported and cotinine verified SHS exposures were compared. Potential factors associated with cotinine verified but not self-reported SHS exposures were assessed using a logistic regression model.ResultsSelf-reported SHS exposure significantly underestimated the actual SHS exposure as determined by cotinine verification (kappa coefficient: 0.1066). At younger age, frequent alcohol drinking in females and a longer smoking duration in males were positively associated with cotinine verified exposure but not with the self-reported SHS exposure; they were also positively associated with cotinine verified exposure irrespective of self-reported SHS exposure.ConclusionsOur findings show a tolerance for smoking in Korea. The current partial ban on smoking does not fully protect people from exposure to SHS. Smoking should be banned in all public places. In addition, efforts to de-normalize smoking in the Korean culture need to be strengthened. |
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