新疆鼠疫自然疫源地的发现与研究

1955～83年期间,在新疆12个县的山地发现了鼠疫疫源地。疫源地面积共9900平方公里。在疫源地及其附近地区发现啮齿动物20余种,自然感染鼠疫的野生脊椎动物6种;发现蚤类30余种,蜱、螨类9种,自然感染鼠疫的节肢动物8种;共分离出鼠疫菌677株。动物鼠疫流行季节为5～9月。高峰为7月份,单峰型。动物鼠疫传染人类的途径,是通过人类接触鼠疫主要宿主旱獭而感染。根据生态地理特征,初步将新疆鼠疫疫源地划分为三片相对独立疫源地。 Ⅰ.天山山地灰旱獭、长尾黄鼠双宿主疫源地 鼠疫主要宿主是灰旱獭和长尾黄鼠。主要媒介是谢氏山蚤和方形黄鼠蚤阿尔泰亚种。鼠疫菌属于4个生态形:北天山东段型,北天山西段A型与B型,以及帕米尔高原型。 Ⅱ.帕米尔高原红旱獭疫源地 主要宿主是红旱獭。主要媒介是谢氏山蚤。鼠疫菌属于帕米尔高原生态型。 Ⅲ.昆仑山山地喜马拉雅旱獭疫源地 主要宿主是喜马拉雅旱獭,主要媒介是谢氏山蚤。鼠疫菌属于昆仑山生态型。

THE DISCOVERY AND STUDY OF NATURAL FOCI OF PLAGUE IN XINJIANG CHINA

During the period 1955-1983, natural foci of plague were found in the steppe zone and the highland steppes of the mountains in 12 counties of Xinjiang, the total area of these foci amounting to 9,900 km2. In these plague pockets and their vicinities were found more than 20 species of rodents, 6 species of wild vertebrates naturally infected with plague, more than 30 species of fleas, 9 species of ticks or mites, and 8 species of arthropods naturally infected. A total of 677 strains of Y. pestis were isolated during this period. Epizootic plague occurs from May till September, with peak in July. Man contracts plague mainly through contact with infected marmots, the main reservoir host of plague.Based on the geographical and ecological characteristics, the plague foci of Xinjiang can be divided into three stretches of relatively independnet foci.1. Double-host Foci of Marmoia baibacina and Citellus undulatus of Tianshan Mountainous Districts.The principal hosts of plague are M.baibacina and C .undulatus, and the main vectors Oropsylla silantiewi and Citellophilus tesquorum altaicus. In these foci the causative agent of plague has four ecological types: type of eastern sector of northern Tianshan Mountains, its western counterparts A and B, and the Pamirs type.2.Marmota caudata Foci of the PamirsThe main reservoir of plague is M. caudata, and the principal carrier is represented by O. silantiewi. The plague bacillus is of the Pamirs type.3.Marmota himalayana Foci of Kunlun Mountainous DistrictsM.himalayana is the main pest host, and O.silantiewi the main vector. Here Y. pestis is of the ecological type of the Kunlun Mountains.