NQO1 involves in the imine bond reduction of sanguinarine and recombinant adeno-associated virus mediated NQO1 overexpression decreases sanguinarine-induced cytotoxicity in rat BRL cells

Although sanguinarine (SANG) can be transformed to dihydrosanguinarine (DHSA) in human and animals, the enzyme involved in the imine bond reduction of SANG is still unknown. In this study, we found that rat NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 expressed by prokaryotic system can transform SANG to DHSA in an NADPH dependent manner. We also found out that there was more DHSA in rAAV-NQO1 infected than rAAV-CYP1A1 and rAAV-control infected BRL cells. SANG decreased rat BRL cell proliferation and augmented cell apoptosis in a time and dose dependent manner. However, the influence of DHSA to BRL cells is not significant difference than SANG. SANG-induced apoptosis was correlated with the up-regulation of Bax/Bcl2 ratio and the down-regulation of Bcl2. SANG can also dose dependently down regulate NQO1 expression, but CYP1A1 expression was a little up regulated. Since CYP1A1 involving in SANG oxidative reactions and NQO1 involving in the transform of SANG to DHSA, we hypothesized that up regulation of NQO1 could reduce SANG cytotoxicity and up regulation of CYP1A1 could increase SANG cytotoxitity. Our further study showed that recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) mediated overexpression of NQO1 significantly increased cell proliferation and decreased Bax/Bcl2 ratio, apoptosis, and cytotoxicity, whereas rAAV mediated CYP1A1 overexpression had opposite effects. These data illustrated that NQO1 involved in the imine bond reduction of sanguinarine and this was a less toxic metabolizing pathway than CYP1A1-metabolizing pathway.