Apoptosis as the adaptation mechanism in survival of Trichinella spiralis in the host |
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Authors: | Babal Pavel Milcheva Rosica Petkova Svetlozara Janega Pavol Hurnikova Zuzana |
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Affiliation: | (1) Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia;(2) Institute of Experimental Morphology, Pathology and Parasitology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria;(3) Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Kosice, Slovakia |
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Abstract: | The study evaluates the role of apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) in the process of striated muscle cell transformation after occupation by Trichinella spiralis. Its relationship with other apoptosis-related factors [apoptotic protease-activating factor 1, Bcl-2 associated protein X (BAX), Bcl-2, caspase 3, survivin, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1), and endothelial and inducible (iNOS) nitric oxide synthase] was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. In the context of low BAX and caspase 3 expression and strong distribution of AIF in the sarcoplasm and nucleus at the very early stage of infection, we suppose that AIF-mediated signaling is involved in the apoptosis activation in the area of Trichinella occupation. In the time course of nurse cell formation, survivin and caspase 3 migrated into the enlarged nuclei with strong PARP-1 expression. In the end of encapsulation of Trichinella, expression of all proapoptotic factors ceased and only survivin in the nuclei and Bcl-2 positivity in the cytoplasm persisted in the formed nurse cell. The expression of sarcoplasmic iNOS was absent during the process of muscle cell de-differentiation and reappeared within the nurse cell. It seems that upregulation and downregulation of factors of apoptosis in the skeletal muscle cell represents an adaptive mechanism providing a comfortable niche for the parasite. |
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