The botanical origin of kratom (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Mitragyna speciosa</Emphasis>; Rubiaceae) available as abused drugs in the Japanese markets |
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Authors: | Takuro Maruyama Maiko Kawamura Ruri Kikura-Hanajiri Hiromitsu Takayama Yukihiro Goda |
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Institution: | (1) National Institute of Health Sciences, Division of Pharmacognosy, Phytochemistry and Narcotics, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan;(2) Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan |
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Abstract: | Kratom is the leaves of Mitragyna speciosa (Rubiaceae). Recently, kratom has been sold in street shops or on the Internet in Japan for the purpose of abuse due to its
opium-like effects. In this study, we investigated the botanical origin of the commercial kratom products using the internal
transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence analysis of rDNA in preparation for future regulation of this product. In addition, a previously
reported method to authenticate the plant, utilizing polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP)
was applied to the same products in order to estimate the method’s accuracy and utility. The ITS sequence analysis of the
commercial kratoms revealed that most of them were derived from M. speciosa or closely related plants, while the others were made from the same tribe plant as M. speciosa. The reported PCR-RFLP method could clearly distinguish kratoms from the other psychoactive plants available in the Japanese
markets and also from related plants. The authentication method is considered to be useful for the practical regulation of
the plant due to its wide range of application, high accuracy and simplicity.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article () contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Keywords: | Kratom Mitragyna speciosa rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) |
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