2015—2019年贵阳市农村环境卫生调查结果分析

目的 了解贵阳市2015—2019年农村环境卫生变化情况,客观评价农村环境卫生状况,为贵阳市制定农村环境卫生政策提供数据支持。方法 采用多阶段分层随机抽样抽取贵阳市3个区(市/县)、每个监测区(市/县)抽取5个乡镇、每个监测乡镇抽取4个行政村,通过现场查看、填写问卷方式,调查各监测点基本情况,饮用水基本情况,厕所建造使用情况,垃圾收集、污水处理等环境卫生情况。利用EpiData 3.0录入数据,SPSS 25.0进行数据分析。家庭生活垃圾和污水处理方式等计数资料用率、构成比进行统计描述; 年变化率使用趋势χ²检验,率、构成比比较采用χ²检验,不满足χ²检验条件时使用Fisher确切概率法,检验水准SymbolaA@=0.05。结果 2015—2019年,共对贵阳市300个行政村进行环境卫生监测,家庭主要经济来源主要为种植业、外出务工及服务业; 村内道路硬化比例从76.7%上升到90.0%; 参与监测的行政村是省级卫生村的比例逐年上升(χ²=14.157,P<0.001); 集中式供水覆盖率平均为76.9%,呈逐年下降趋势(χ²=837.218,P<0.001); 卫生厕所平均普及率为 72.4%,呈逐年下降趋势(χ²=963.280,P<0.001); 卫生厕所类型由三格式卫生厕所为主转变为完整下水道水冲式卫生厕所,呈逐年上升趋势(χ²=2 612.273,P<0.001); 在生活垃圾收集处理上,主要以统一收集、填埋为主; 在生活污水排放方式上,随意排放的呈逐年降低趋势(χ²=19.500,P<0.001),管道排放的占比逐渐上升; 环境卫生管理方面,配备有环境卫生专职保洁员行政村占比呈逐年上升趋势(χ²=15.947,P<0.001),环境卫生投入均集中在5万元以下。 结论 2015—2019年,贵阳市农村环境卫生状况整体有所改善,建议继续开展环境卫生健康宣传,进一步推广集中式供水,进一步提高卫生厕所普及率; 进一步推进生活垃圾、污水的收集、处理工作。

Results of rural environmental sanitation investigation in Guiyang City from 2015 to 2019

Objective To understand the changes in rural environmental sanitation in Guiyang City from 2015—2019, to evaluate the rural environmental sanitation status objectively, and to provide data support for the formulation of rural environmental sanitation policies in Guiyang City. Methods Multi-stage stratified random sampling was used to sample 3 districts(cities/counties)in Guiyang City, 5 townships from each monitoring area(city/county), and 4 administrative villages from each monitored township. The basic situation of each monitoring point was investigated by viewing on-site and filling in the questionnaire, including the basic situation of drinking water, the construction and use of toilets, garbage collection, sewage treatment, and other environmental sanitation conditions. Epidata 3.0 was used to enter data and SPSS 25.0 was used for data analysis. Counting data such as household garbage and sewage treatment methods were statistically described using rate and composition ratio, the annual change rate using trend χ² test and the ratio and composition ratio were compared using the χ² test. Fisher’s exact probability method was used when the χ² test conditions were not met, and the test level α= 0.05. Results From 2015—2019, a total of 300 administrative villages in Guiyang City were monitored for environmental sanitation. The main sources of household income were planting, migrant workers, and service industries. The proportion of road hardening in the village rose from 76.7% to 90.0%. The proportion of the administrative villages participating in the monitoring being provincial-level health villages was increasing year by year(χ²=14.157,P<0.001). The coverage rate of centralized water supply was 76.9% on average, showing a downward trend year by year(χ²=837.218,P<0.001). The average penetration rate of sanitary toilets was 72.4%, showing a downward trend year by year(χ²=963.280,P<0.001). The type of sanitary toilets changed from three-format sanitary toilets to complete sewer flushing sanitary toilets, showing an upward trend year by year(χ²=2 612.273,P<0.001). In the collection and treatment of domestic garbage, the main focus was on unified collection and landfill. In the way of domestic sewage discharge, the random discharge was decreasing year by year(χ²=19.500, P<0.001), and the proportion of pipeline discharge was gradually increasing. In terms of environmental sanitation management, the proportion of administrative villages equipped with full-time environmental sanitation cleaners was increasing year by year(χ²=15.947,P<0.001), and environmental sanitation investment was concentrated below 50 000 yuan. Conclusion From 2015—2019, the overall environmental sanitation situation in Guiyang City had improved. It is recommended to continue environmental sanitation and health promotion, further promote centralized water supply, further increase the penetration rate of sanitary toilets and further promote the collection and treatment of domestic garbage and sewage.