尼帕病毒感染的危险因素与预防

尼帕病毒(Nipah virus，NIV)于1998年在马来西亚首次被发现，2001年以来在孟加拉国和印度长期流行。在马来西亚和新加坡，NIV主要通过接触病猪传播，而在孟加拉国和印度主要是通过食用生椰枣汁和人传人来传播。NIV感染的危险因素主要包括接触病死猪、食用生椰枣汁和接触患者。目前，还没有疫苗或有效的抗病毒药物来预防和治疗NIV感染。预防措施主要包括避免接触受感染的患者或宿主动物、不食用生椰枣汁，以及照顾病人时加强防护、消毒和勤洗手。同时，要加强重点地区的疾病监测，力争早发现早处置暴发疫情。

Risk factors and prevention of Nipah virus infection

Nipah virus (NIV) emerged in Malaysia in 1998 and subsequently occurred in Bang-ladesh and India since 2001. In the Malaysia-Singapore outbreak, transmission occurred primarily through contacting with pigs, whereas in Bangladesh and India, it was associated with ingestion of contaminated date palm sap and human-to-human transmission. Risk factors of NIV infection mainly included close contacting with ill pigs, consuming raw date palm sap, and contacting with Nipah cases. At present, no vaccines or antiviral drugs are available for NIV disease and the treatment is just supportive. Nipah virus infections can be prevented by avoiding direct contact with infected patients and host organisms, avoiding of ingestion of date palm sap, frequent hand washing and sanitization while caring for NIV patients. Surveillance for NIV in humans and reservoir animals should be done in affected areas, which helps in detecting early signs of NIV outbreak.