骨质疏松症的诊治及应用间充质干细胞的治疗现状

骨质疏松症是一种系统性的代谢性骨骼疾病，其特征是骨量减少和骨微结构退化，导致骨骼脆性和骨折风险的增加。在成人中，骨髓间充质干细胞在骨骼中主要分化为成骨细胞和脂肪细胞，当其分化失衡，分化的脂肪细胞增多，成骨细胞减少，最终会演变成骨质疏松症。骨质疏松症越来越被认为是一个主要的公共健康问题，对全世界超过2亿人有影响，每年造成超过890万的骨折，其中以髋骨骨折为主。随着人口老龄化的加剧，花费在骨质疏松症的个人和社会成本逐年增加，这对公共卫生保健体系提出了挑战。因此，早期预防和诊断骨质疏松症的重要性不言而喻。此外，由于间充质干细胞有成骨潜能，且被发现可用于骨骼的修复和维护，自体、异体或转基因骨髓间充质干细胞移植可有效增加骨量和骨密度，增加骨机械强度，纠正骨代谢失衡，其有望成为骨质疏松症治疗的新策略和方法。本文将围绕骨质疏松症的诊断、治疗和间充质干细胞的应用现状展开如下综述。

Diagnosis and treatment of osteoporosis and current status of treatment with mesenchymal stem cells

Osteoporosis is a systemic metabolic bone disease characterized by bone loss and bone microstructure degradation, leading to bone fragility and increased risk of fracture. In adults, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells mainly differentiate into osteoblasts and adipocytes in bone. When their differentiation is unbalanced, differentiated adipocytes increase and osteoblasts decrease, which leads to osteoporosis. Osteoporosis is increasingly regarded as a major public health problem. It affects more than 200 million people all over the world and causes more than 8.9 million fractures every year, mainly hip fractures. With the aggravation of population aging, the personal and social cost spent on osteoporosis is increasing year by year, which poses a challenge to the public health care system. Therefore, the importance of early prevention and diagnosis of osteoporosis is self-evident. In addition, because mesenchymal stem cells have osteogenic potential and are found to be used for bone repair and maintenance, autologous, and allogeneic or transgenic bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell transplantation can effectively increase bone mass, mineral density, and mechanical strength and correct bone metabolic imbalance, it is expected to become a new strategy and method in the treatment of osteoporosis. This paper focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of osteoporosis and the application of mesenchymal stem cells.