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The kinetics of neutral methyl viologen in acidic H2O+DMF mixed solutions studied by cyclic voltammetry
Authors:Ji Yoen Kim  Chongmok Lee  Joon Woo Park
Affiliation:Department of Chemistry, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, South Korea
Abstract:The chemistry of the two-electron reduction product of viologen (1,1′-dialkyl-4,4′-bipyridinium, V2+) neutral species, is important in understanding the electrochemical behavior of viologens and their utilization. The kinetics for the reactions of neutral methyl viologen (V0) in the presence of H+ (from HCl), CH3COOH (pKa=4.75), ClCH2CH2COOH (pKa=4.00), HCOOH (pKa=3.75) in aqueous media was examined by cyclic voltammetry according to the EECi mechanism. To avoid the electrodeposition of V0, we used a 9:1 (v/v%) H2O+DMF mixture as the solvent medium. To evaluate the rate constants for the chemical reaction followed by the second electron transfer step of V2+, the ratio of the anodic and cathodic peak current (Ipa2/Ipc2) corresponding to V0–e??V/><sup>+</sup> was plotted against log<!-- --> <em>τ</em>, where <em>τ</em> is the time between <em>E</em><sub>1/2</sub> and the switching potential, at various scan rates of 0.02–3.5 V s<sup>?1</sup>. The chemical reaction was found to be a parallel reaction consisting of H<sup>+</sup>-catalyzed and general-acid (HA) catalyzed reactions. The second-order rate constants are determined as <em>k</em><sub>H<sup>+</sup></sub>=3.5×10<sup>3</sup> M<sup>?1</sup> s<sup>?1</sup>, <em>k</em><sub>CH<sub>3</sub>COOH</sub>=5.7 M<sup>?1</sup> s<sup>?1</sup>, <em>k</em><sub>HCOOH</sub>=4.6×10<sup>1</sup> M<sup>?1</sup> s<sup>?1</sup>, and <em>k</em><sub>ClCH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>COOH</sub>=3.2×10<sup>1</sup> M<sup>?1</sup> s<sup>?1</sup> using the Nicholson–Shain method and <em>k</em><sub>H<sub>2</sub>O</sub> was estimated as <3×10<sup>?6</sup> M<sup>?1</sup> s<sup>?1</sup>. The CVs were digitally simulated under the assumption of a two-step reaction of V<sup>0</sup> following the two-step electrode reactions of V<sup>2+</sup> to V<sup>0</sup>. The simulated CVs show good agreement with those obtained experimentally, when the first-step reaction of V<sup>0</sup> is a relatively fast reversible reaction and the second-step reaction is a slow irreversible one. Based on these results, we propose that V<sup>0</sup> is in pseudo-equilibrium with H<sup>+</sup> or HA to produce VH<sup>+</sup> which undergoes a reaction with H<sub>2</sub>O.</td>
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Keywords:Neutral viologen  Kinetics  Cyclic voltammetry  Rate constant  Digital simulation
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