A universal spine tester for in vitro experiments with muscle force simulation

Summary We report a new apparatus to determine the quasistatic, three-dimensional, load-displacement characteristics of spines including muscle forces. The loading frame can be adapted to mono- and polysegmental specimens from the lumbar or cervical spine as well as to entire spines. Three force and three moment components can be applied in either direction individually or in combination with no constraint on the resulting motion; the loads can be applied at user-chosen rates of application and release with continuous recording of displacements, so as to study either creep or relaxation. The loads and displacement-measuring devices are computer-controlled. Thus, this testing device provides a tool for many kinds of stability tests and for basic research of spine biomechanics. A first experiment shows that the application of muscle forces significantly affects the load-deformation characteristics and intradiscal pressure.