Memantine reduces alterations to the mammalian retina, in situ, induced by ischemia

The aim of the study was to determine whether memantine could slow down the changes seen in the rabbit and rat retina following ischemia/reperfusion. A "suction cup procedure," which raises the intraocular pressure, was used to give an ischemic insult to the rabbit retina. The electroretinogram was recorded before ischemia and after 2 days of reperfusion. Memantine or saline (10 microl) was injected into the eye before ischemia. Immunohistochemistry was used to study the effect of ischemia/reperfusion on the GABA, ChAT, and alphaPKC immunoreactivities. Ischemia/reperfusion injury to the rat retina was induced by raising the intraocular pressure above the systolic blood pressure for 60 min, followed by reperfusion of 3-14 days. Memantine (5 mg/kg) or saline was injected i.p. at the onset of ischemia or reperfusion. Immunohistochemistry was used to study the effect of ischemia/reperfusion on the ChAT, alphaPKC, and Thy-1 immunoreactivities. In addition, morphometric analysis was carried out to determine the effects of ischemia/reperfusion on the thickness of the retina. Ischemia for 75 min caused a change in the nature of the normal GABA and ChAT immunoreactivities in the rabbit retina and a reduction in the b-wave of the electroretinogram. When memantine was injected into the vitreous humour at the onset of an ischemic insult, the changes in the GABA and ChAT immunoreactivities were reduced and the recovery of the reduced b-wave of the electroretinogram after 2 days reperfusion was enhanced significantly. Ischemia for 60 min followed by 3 days reperfusion showed a clear change in ChAT immunoreactivity in the rat retina. The Thy-1 immunoreactivity was only clearly altered after a reperfusion period of 7 days. Moreover, a measurable change in the thickness of the inner retinal layers was detected after 14 days of reperfusion. When given at the onset of ischemia, memantine counteracted the effect of ischemia/reperfusion to varying degrees. However, when memantine was given at the onset of the reperfusion this was not the case. The combined data show that a single injection of memantine given i.p. or intravitreally will protect the retina from a subsequent ischemic insult.