3至12月龄健康婴儿对4种味觉面部表情强度评估的横断面调查

目的探讨3～12月龄婴儿的基础味觉状况,为喂养指导提供依据。方法选择2008年9月至2009年9月在四川省成都市妇幼保健院自然分娩或缩宫素诱导阴道分娩的健康婴儿为研究对象。分为3、6、9和12月龄组。配制25%蔗糖(甜)、5%氯化钠(咸)、1.43%柠檬酸(酸)和0.025%盐酸小檗碱(苦)4种味觉溶液。在婴儿空腹安静清醒状态下进行4种味觉测试,3和6月龄组采用4×4拉丁方设计4种味觉溶液的测试顺序,9和12月龄组采用甜、咸、酸和苦的测试顺序。依据婴儿面部运动单位编码系统(BabyFACS)量化婴儿的面部表情强度(分为10级);1～3级为可接受表情,4～8级为不愉快表情,9～10级为拒绝表情。结果 480名婴儿进行味觉测试,其中3月龄组122名(男70名,女52名);6月龄组122名(男57名,女65名);9月龄组119名(男56名,女63名);12月龄组117名(男60名,女57名)。①9月龄组对甜味的面部表情1～3级出现的百分率(100%)高于6月龄组(89.4%),面部表情9～10级出现的百分率(0)显著低于6月龄组(1.6%);6月龄组对酸味的面部表情1～3级出现的百分率(45.1%)显著高于9月龄组(33.6%),面部表情9～10级出现的百分率(10.6%)显著低于9月龄组(17.7%);6月龄组对苦味的面部表情1～3级出现的百分率(41.0%)显著高于9月龄组(30.2%),面部表情9～10级出现的百分率(15.2%)显著低于9月龄组(48.8%)。②6月龄组对咸味的面部表情1级出现的百分率女婴(29.2%)显著低于男婴(40.3%);对酸味的面部表情10级出现的百分率女婴(3.1%)显著高于男婴(0)。9月龄组对甜味的面部表情1级出现的百分率男婴(77.8%)显著低于女婴(95.2%);对酸味的面部表情10级出现的百分率(7.9%)女婴显著高于男婴(3.6%)。12月龄组对咸味的面部表情1级出现的百分率女婴(37.5%)显著低于男婴(83.3%);对酸味的面部表情10级出现的百分率女婴(8.9%)显著高于男婴(0);对苦味的面部表情10级出现的百分率女婴(28.6%)显著高于男婴(0)。结论婴儿在6月龄后更趋向喜欢甜味,不喜欢酸味和苦味。6～12月龄婴儿对不同味觉的面部表情强度存在性别差异。

Cross-sectional study based on taste test and facial expression in 3 to 12 months old healthy infants

Objective To explore the developmental changes of 3-12 months old infants to 4 basic tastes and provide guides for the feeding. Methods Healthy infants through vaginal delivery or oxytocin induced vaginal delivery at Chengdu Maternity and Infants Health Hospital from September 2008 to September 2009 were included. The acceptability of sweet, salty, sour and bitter tastes was assessed in four groups of 3-, 6-, 9-, and 12-month-old infants by observing and scoring the facial responses after giving the four basic tastes solutions.The facial responses were analyzed by the Wilcoxon test. Results 480 infants including 122 in 3 months group(male 70, female 52), 122 in 6 months group(male 57, female 65), 119 in 9 months group(male 56, female 63), 117 in 12 months group(male 60, female 57) were given taste test. The analysis indicated that the intensities of the responses to the sweet（P=0.000 1），soul（P=0.016） and bitter（P=0.000 1） solutions of the 9 months old infants differed from the infants aged 6 months statistically. The infants aged 6 months had more sensitive response to the sweet taste but less sensitive response to soul and bitter tates compared with those aged 9 months. Compared with male infants, female infants showed more sensitive response to salty (P=0.02) and soul (P=0.000 1) tastes at age of 6 months, to sweet(P=0.001) and soul（P=0.000 1）taste at age of 9 months, and to bitter (P=0.000 1) and soul (P=0.000 1) tastes at age of 12 months. Conclusions The infants aged over 6 months more like sweet taste but dislike soul or bitter tastes. Female infants are more sensitive to the four basic tastes than male infants.