Gastrointestinal targets of appetite regulation in humans |
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Authors: | N. Delzenne J. Blundell F. Brouns K. Cunningham K. De Graaf A. Erkner A. Lluch M. Mars H. P. F. Peters M. Westerterp‐Plantenga |
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Affiliation: | 1. Louvain Drug Research Institute, Unit PMNT 7369, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium;2. Institute of Psychological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK;3. Department of Human Biology, School of Nutrition & Toxicology Research and Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands;4. The Coca‐Cola Company, Europe Union Group, London, UK;5. Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands;6. Nestlé Research Center, Lausanne, Switzerland;7. Danone Research, Palaiseau, France;8. Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands & the Top Institute of Food and Nutrition, The Netherlands;9. Unilever R & D Vlaardingen, Vlaardingen, The Netherlands |
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Abstract: | The aim of this paper is to describe and discuss relevant aspects of the assessment of physiological functions – and related biomarkers – implicated in the regulation of appetite in humans. A short introduction provides the background and the present state of biomarker research as related to satiety and appetite. The main focus of the paper is on the gastrointestinal tract and its functions and biomarkers related to appetite for which sufficient data are available in human studies. The first section describes how gastric emptying, stomach distension and gut motility influence appetite; the second part describes how selected gastrointestinal peptides are involved in the control of satiety and appetite (ghrelin, cholecystokinin, glucagon‐like peptide, peptide tyrosin‐tyrosin) and can be used as potential biomarkers. For both sections, methodological aspects (adequacy, accuracy and limitation of the methods) are described. The last section focuses on new developments in techniques and methods for the assessment of physiological targets involved in appetite regulation (including brain imaging, interesting new experimental approaches, targets and markers). The conclusion estimates the relevance of selected biomarkers as representative markers of appetite regulation, in view of the current state of the art. |
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Keywords: | Appetite biomarker gastric distension gastrointestinal peptide |
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