Evaluation of immune responses in dogs to oral rabies vaccine under field conditions |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA;2. Ministry of Agriculture, Natural Resources, and Rural Development, Port-au-Prince, Haiti;3. IDT-Biologika GmbH, 06861 Dessau-Rosslau, Germany;4. Haiti Veterinary Services, Port-au-Prince, Haiti;5. Christian Veterinary Mission, Port-au-Prince, Haiti;6. United States Department of Agriculture, Wildlife Services, National Rabies Management Program, Concord, NH, USA;1. Animal and Plant Health Agency, UK;2. Research Center Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Germany;1. Health Intervention and Technology Assessment Program (HITAP), 6th Floor, 6th Building, Department of Health, Ministry of Public Health, Tiwanon Road, Muang, Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand;2. Health Technology Assessment Postgraduate Program, Mahidol University, 447 Sri-Ayuthaya Road, Phaya Thai, Ratchathewi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand;3. Social Administrative Pharmacy Excellence Research (SAPER) Unit, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, 447 Sri-Ayuthaya Road, Phaya Thai, Ratchatewi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand;4. Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, 270 Rama VI Road, Phaya Thai, Ratchathewi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand;5. Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, 420/1 Ratchawithi Road, Phaya Thai, Ratchathewi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand;1. Wildlife Research and Monitoring Section, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry, 2140 East Bank Drive, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario K9L 0G2, Canada;2. Wildlife Section, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry, 300 Water Street, Peterborough, Ontario K9J 8M5, Canada;3. Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa Laboratory Fallowfield, PO Box 11300, Station H, Nepean, Ontario K2H 8P9, Canada;4. Natural Resources DNA Profiling and Forensics Centre, 2140 East Bank Drive, DNA Building, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario K9J 7B8, Canada;1. Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald, Germany;2. Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald, Germany;3. Centre of Expertise for Rabies, Ottawa Laboratory–Fallowfield, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, Canada;4. Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Malzéville, France;5. Institute for Diagnosis and Animal Health, University of Agronomic Study and Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bucharest, Romania;6. Virology Unit, Veterinary Faculty, Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia;1. College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China;2. Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun 130122, China;3. College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China;1. Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Lynnwood Road, Pretoria 0002, South Africa;2. Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, United States;1. Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China;2. Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun 130122, China |
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| Abstract: | During the 20th century parenteral vaccination of dogs at central-point locations was the foundation of successful canine rabies elimination programs in numerous countries. However, countries that remain enzootic for canine rabies have lower infrastructural development compared to countries that have achieved elimination, which may make traditional vaccination methods less successful. Alternative vaccination methods for dogs must be considered, such as oral rabies vaccine (ORV). In 2016, a traditional mass dog vaccination campaign in Haiti was supplemented with ORV to improve vaccination coverage and to evaluate the use of ORV in dogs. Blisters containing live-attenuated, vaccine strain SPBNGAS-GAS were placed in intestine bait and distributed to dogs by hand. Serum was collected from 107 dogs, aged 3–12 months with no reported prior rabies vaccination, pre-vaccination and from 78/107 dogs (72.9%) 17 days post-vaccination. The rapid florescent focus inhibition test (RFFIT) was used to detect neutralizing antibodies and an ELISA to detect rabies binding antibodies. Post-vaccination, 38/41 (92.7%) dogs that received parenteral vaccine had detectable antibody (RFFIT >0.05 IU/mL), compared to 16/27 (59.3%, p < 0.01) dogs that received ORV or 21/27 (77.8%) as measured by ELISA (>40% blocking, p < 0.05). The fate of 291 oral vaccines was recorded; 283 dogs (97.2%) consumed the bait; 272 dogs (93.4%) were observed to puncture the blister, and only 14 blisters (4.8%) could not be retrieved by vaccinators and were potentially left in the environment. Pre-vaccination antibodies (RFFIT >0.05 IU/mL) were detected in 10/107 reportedly vaccine-naïve dogs (9.3%). Parenteral vaccination remains the most reliable method for ensuring adequate immune response in dogs, however ORV represents a viable strategy to supplement existing parental vaccination campaigns in hard-to-reach dog populations. The hand-out model reduces the risk of unintended contact with ORV through minimizing vaccine blisters left in the community. |
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| Keywords: | Rabies virus Canine rabies vaccine Oral rabies vaccine Immune response Serology |
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