Comparison of antibody response between boys and girls after infant and childhood vaccinations in the Netherlands |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Centre for Epidemiology and Surveillance of Infectious Diseases – Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands;2. Centre for Immunology of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines – Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands;1. Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA;2. Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA;1. Institute for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Colorado, PO Box 378066, Denver, CO 80237, United States;2. Department of Community Health Services, Denver Health, 605 Bannock Street, Denver, CO 80204, United States;3. Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, 13123 East 16th Avenue, B065, Aurora, CO 80045, United States;4. Kaiser Permanente Vaccine Study Center, Kaiser Permanente Division of Research, 2000 Broadway, Oakland, CA 94612, United States;5. Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, 13001 East 17th Place, Campus Box B119, Aurora, CO 80045, United States;1. Servicio de Pediatría, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Puerta de Hierro-Segovia de Arana (IDIPHISA), Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, 28222 Majadahonda, Spain;2. National Reference Laboratory for Measles and Rubella Elimination, National Centre for Microbiology, Institute of Health Carlos III, 28220 Majadahonda, Spain;3. Laboratorio Regional de Salud Pública, Comunidad de Madrid, 28052 Madrid, Spain;4. Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain;1. Karolinska Institutet, Department of Medicine, Unit of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska Solna, Stockholm, Sweden;2. Department of Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Stockholm County Council, Box 175 33, SE-118 91 Stockholm, Sweden;3. Astrid Lindgren Children''s Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden;4. Sachs’ Children and Youth Hospital, Stockholm South General Hospital, Sjukhusbacken 10, SE-118 83 Stockholm, Sweden;5. Astrid Lindgren Children''s Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden;1. Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA;2. Clinical Development, Seqirus Pty Ltd, Parkville, Victoria, Australia;3. Global Pharmacovigilance and Risk Management, Seqirus Pty Ltd, Parkville, Victoria, Australia;4. Clinical Development, Seqirus Netherlands B.V., Amsterdam, The Netherlands;5. Clinical Development, Seqirus USA Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA |
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| Abstract: | BackgroundInfectious diseases can differ by sex in their incidence, prevalence, or severity of disease. These differences may be induced by sex-dependent immune responses and resulting protection, for example after vaccination. Therefore, this study aims to assess possible sex-differences in immunoglobulin levels (IgG) after infant and childhood vaccination.MethodsData from a national cross-sectional serosurvey conducted in 2006/2007 were used (Pienter 2). We compared IgG levels against measles, mumps, rubella, diphtheria, tetanus, poliomyelitis, pertussis, Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), and Neisseria meningitidis serogroup C (MenC) between girls and boys both short term (1 month to 1 year) and long term (1–3 year) after infant and childhood vaccinations, using linear regression analysis. Proportions of boys and girls reaching a protective IgG level were compared using Fishers exact test.ResultsDifferences in IgG were found at specific time points after vaccination against measles, mumps, rubella, MenC, and polio. The geometric mean concentration or titer (GMC/T) girls:boys ratios ranged between 1.10 for polio type 1 <1 year after the first childhood booster to 1.90 for MenC <1 year after infant vaccination, indicating higher antibody levels in girls. No significant differences were found between boys and girls for diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, and Hib at either time point. Proportions with protective levels differed only at 1–3 years after infant vaccination for mumps (82.5% boys vs. 91.9% girls, p = 0.046), and at the same time point for MenC (7.0% boys vs. 18.2% girls, p = 0.015), and polio type 1 (87.8% boys vs. 95.9% girls, p = 0.047).ConclusionDifferences in IgG between boys and girls were generally small and not consistent, neither between pathogens nor within pathogens. If differences were observed, girls were favored over boys. On the whole, the results suggest that there are no major sex differences in protection from the studied pathogens in the Netherlands. |
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| Keywords: | Vaccine preventable diseases Immunoglobulin G Antibody level Gender Infant vaccination Childhood booster |
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