Understanding the impact of sex and gender in Alzheimer's disease: A call to action |
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| Authors: | Rebecca A. Nebel Neelum T. Aggarwal Lisa L. Barnes Aimee Gallagher Jill M. Goldstein Kejal Kantarci Monica P. Mallampalli Elizabeth C. Mormino Laura Scott Wai Haung Yu Pauline M. Maki Michelle M. Mielke |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Scientific Programs, Society for Women''s Health Research (SWHR®), Washington, DC, USA;2. Department of Neurological Sciences and the Rush Alzheimer''s Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA;3. Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA;4. Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA;5. Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA;6. Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA;g. Cellular and Molecular Medicine Program, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA;h. Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer''s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA;i. Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA;j. Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA;k. Department of Epidemiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA;l. Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA |
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| Abstract: | IntroductionPrecision medicine methodologies and approaches have advanced our understanding of the clinical presentation, development, progression, and management of Alzheimer's disease (AD) dementia. However, sex and gender have not yet been adequately integrated into many of these approaches.MethodsThe Society for Women's Health Research Interdisciplinary Network on AD, comprised of an expert panel of scientists and clinicians, reviewed ongoing and published research related to sex and gender differences in AD.ResultsThe current review is a result of this Network's efforts and aims to: (1) highlight the current state-of-the-science in the AD field on sex and gender differences; (2) address knowledge gaps in assessing sex and gender differences; and (3) discuss 12 priority areas that merit further research.DiscussionThe exclusion of sex and gender has impeded faster advancement in the detection, treatment, and care of AD across the clinical spectrum. Greater attention to these differences will improve outcomes for both sexes. |
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| Keywords: | Alzheimer's disease Sex Gender Risk factors Hormones Biomarkers Women Men Mild cognitive impairment Menopause Epidemiology |
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