Inflammatory and immunological responses to subchronic exposure to endotoxin-contaminated metalworking fluid aerosols in F344 rats

Rats were exposed for 6 h per day in inhalation chambers to a 10 mg/m(3) concentration of metalworking fluid (MWF) contaminated with endotoxin at concentrations of 1813 (low dose) and 20,250 eu/m(3) (high dose) 5 days per week for 8 weeks. It was found that 94.7% of the MWF aerosol particles had diameters in the range of 0.42-4.6 microm, with geometric mean diameter of 1.56 microm. The body weight and pulmonary function parameters were measured every week during the 8 weeks of exposure, whereas bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid was prepared to measure the inflammatory markers and cytokines after the 8 weeks of exposure. There were no changes in body weight and respiratory function (tidal volume and respiratory frequency) during the 8 weeks of exposure to the MWF containing endotoxins, yet lung weight increased significantly (P < 0.05) in the rats exposed to the MWF both with and without endotoxins. The number of polymorphonuclear (PMN) cells in the BAL fluid increased significantly (P < 0.05) in the rats exposed to MWF with endotoxins, and the levels of cytokines such as IL-4, INF-gamma, IL-1beta, and TNF-alpha also were significantly increased (P < 0.05) compared to the control. The NOx production activity of the BAL cells increased significantly (P < 0.05) in the rats exposed to the MWF with and without endotoxins. Increases in lung weight, number of PMN cells, and levels of extracellular cytokines and NOx were all more significant in the rats exposed to the MWF with endotoxins rather than in those exposed to MWF without endotoxins. In spleen cell cultures, T-cell proliferation activity was decreased, yet cytokine levels (INF-gamma, IL-1beta, IL-4, and TNF-alpha) remained unchanged after repeated exposure to MWF with and without endotoxins. Although the levels of total IgG(1), IgG(2a), and IgE antibodies in the serum were not changed, the levels of endotoxin-specific antibodies, including IgG(2a) and IgE, were increased significantly (P < 0.05) in the rats exposed to endotoxins, but there was not a significant increase in endotoxin-specific IgG(1). When taken together, the results indicate that lung inflammatory responses can be induced without changing pulmonary function after repeated exposure to MWFs contaminated with endotoxins. In addition, endotoxin-specific IgG(2a) and IgE may be effective biomarkers for workers exposed to MWFs contaminated with endotoxins in the workplace.