Biomarkers for diabetes prediction, diagnosis and personalized therapy

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the most common metabolic disorders in the world,in which more than 90％ are grouped to type 2 DM (T2DM).1 T2DM is characterized by decreased insulin sensitivity and impaired insulin secretion2 leading to hyperglycemia,and the serum glucose has been used as a golden standard for diabetes diagnosis.However,T2DM is a kind of disease involving defects of multiple organs,which cannot be distinguished through the measurement of the serum-glucose level.In addition,T2DM is a multiple-stage disease,which usually covers several decades from impaired plasma glucose to various complications.The serum-glucose level only reflects the consequence of multiple physiological disorders in the given stage.