Phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies in schizophrenia
Affiliation:
1. McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA, USA;2. Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA, USA;3. University of Louisville, Department of Psychiatry, 323 E. Chestnut Street, Louisville, KY, USA;4. Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa School of Medicine. Kocamustafapaşa Cad. No:53, Istanbul, Turkey;1. McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts;2. Psychotic Disorders Division, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts;3. Translational Imaging Laboratory, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts;4. Program for Neuropsychiatric Research, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts;5. Laboratory for Psychiatric and Molecular Neuroscience, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts;6. Deceased;1. Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China;2. School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035 China;1. Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina;2. Renaissance Computing Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina;3. Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, Prilly-Lausanne, Switzerland
Abstract:
Phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P MRS) allows in vivo quantification of phosphorus metabolites that are considered to be related to membrane turnover and energy metabolism. In schizophrenia (SZ), 31P MRS studies found several abnormalities in different brain regions suggesting that alterations in these pathways may be contributing to the pathophysiology. In this paper, we systematically reviewed the 31P MRS studies in SZ published to date by taking patient characteristics, medication status and brain regions into account. Publications written in English were searched on http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/, by using the keywords ‘phosphomonoester’, ‘phosphodiester’, ‘ATP’, ‘phosphocreatine’, ‘phosphocholine’, ‘phosphoethanolamine’,‘glycerophosphocholine’, ‘glycerophosphoethanolamine’, ‘pH’, ‘schizophrenia’, and ‘MRS’. Studies that measured 31P metabolites in SZ patients were included. This search identified 52 studies. Reduced PME and elevated PDE reported in earlier studies were not replicated in several subsequent studies. One relatively consistent pattern was a decrease in PDE in chronic patients in the subcortical structures. There were no consistent patterns for the comparison of energy related phosphorus metabolites between patients and controls. Also, no consistent pattern emerged in studies seeking relationship between 31P metabolites and antipsychotic use and other clinical variables. Despite emerging patterns, methodological heterogeneities and shortcomings in this literature likely obscure consistent patterns among studies. We conclude with recommendations to improve study designs and 31P MRS methods in future studies. We also stress the significance of probing into the dynamic changes in energy metabolism, as this approach reveals abnormalities that are not visible to steady-state measurements.
