A VIP-like peptide co-occurs with substance P and enkephalin in cholinergic preganglionic terminals of the avian ciliary ganglion |
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| Authors: | A Reiner |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Dermatology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA;2. Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Kitasato University School of Pharmacy, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan;3. Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz D-55101, Germany;1. Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, 60126 Ancona, Italy;2. Center for Study and Research on Obesity, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, 20129 Milano, Italy;3. Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, 20122 Milano, Italy;4. Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy;5. Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milano, Italy;6. Center of Obesity, Marche Polytechnic University-United Hospitals, Ancona, Italy;1. Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Neuroscience Research Institute, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea;2. Department of Physical Therapy, Baekseok University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea |
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| Abstract: | Using single-label and double-label immunohistochemical techniques, many of the substance P-enkephalin containing preganglionic terminals of the avian ciliary ganglion were found to also contain a VIP-like peptide. Since these terminals are also known to be cholinergic, these results suggest that neurotransmission at many synapses of the avian ciliary ganglion involves 3 different neuropeptides and a conventional neurotransmitter, acetylcholine. |
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