Fetal echocardiography for planning perinatal and delivery room care of neonates with congenital heart disease |
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| Authors: | Laura Sanapo MD Jay D Pruetz MD Maciej S?odki MD M Beth Goens MD Anita J Moon‐Grady MD Mary T Donofrio MD |
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| Institution: | 1. Division of Fetal and Transitional Medicine, Children's National Health System, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA;2. Division of Cardiology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA;3. Department of Prenatal Cardiology, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland;4. Faculty of Health Sciences, The State University of Applied Sciences, Plock, Poland;5. Special Delivery Service, Pediatric Cardiology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA;6. Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco, CA, USA;7. Fetal Heart Program, Division of Cardiology, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, USA |
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| Abstract: | Fetal echocardiography facilitates the prenatal diagnosis of infants with congenital heart disease (CHD) and through sequential examinations, allows assessment of fetal hemodynamics and cardiovascular status from the time of diagnosis to delivery. Fetal cardiologists have created diagnostic protocols aimed at risk stratifying severity and potential postnatal compromise in fetuses with CHD, and identifying those who may require special intervention at birth or within the first days of life. In this article, we review fetal cardiovascular physiology, the progression of CHD in utero and fetal echocardiographic findings used for risk stratification of newborns with CHD, as well as some of the basic principles of planning for the neonatal resuscitation and initial transitional care of these complex newborns. |
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| Keywords: | congenital heart disease delivery management delivery room care fetal echocardiography prenatal diagnosis prenatal risk factors |
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