被动吸烟对急性睡眠剥夺大鼠行为的影响

背景:睡眠剥夺是一种在特殊职业环境中存在的特殊生理心理反应,目前不少人认为香烟烟雾能有效缓解睡眠剥夺后产生的低靡精神状态和异常情绪波动,暂时减轻睡眠剥夺对行为、情绪的不良影响。至今有关香烟烟雾对人体各方面危害的研究已较全面,但有关在急性睡眠剥夺情况下被动吸烟对行为和情绪状态的影响,目前争论颇多。目的:探讨被动吸烟对急性睡眠剥夺大鼠行为、情绪的影响。设计:完全随机分组设计,随机对照实验。单位:解放军第四军医大学基础部教学实验中心及预防医学系放射医学教研室。材料:实验于2004-04/06在第四军医大学基础部教学实验中心完成。选择成年鼠龄3个月、雄性、健康SD大鼠49只,体质量(180±15)g,随机分为5组:睡眠剥夺 被动吸烟24h组(n=8),睡眠剥夺24h组(n=8),睡眠剥夺 被动吸烟54h组(n=8),睡眠剥夺54h组(n=8),空白对照组(n=17)。方法:①睡眠剥夺 被动吸烟24h组,睡眠剥夺24h组,睡眠剥夺 被动吸烟54h组,睡眠剥夺54h组,分别采用小平台水环境法进行24h和54h睡眠剥夺,睡眠剥夺 被动吸烟24h组和睡眠剥夺 被动吸烟54h组在睡眠剥夺同时进行被动吸烟,每日12次,120min/次,每次同时点燃3支香烟(有滤嘴香烟),自燃至灰烬。②采用旷场实验测试大鼠的情绪、行为变化:用摄像仪跟踪记录大鼠在旷场中5min内的活动情况,计算并记录大鼠5min内在旷场中距旷场中心的平均距离和运动的总距离,分别考察大鼠的探索性行为及兴奋性状态。距旷场中心的平均距离越近,说明大鼠的探索性行为越多,兴奋性越高;运动总距离越长,也说明大鼠的兴奋性越高。③所有数据以x±s表示,所用方法为非参数秩和检验,以P<0.05为有统计学意义。主要观察指标:以各组大鼠旷场实验中距旷场中心的平均距离和运动总距离的比较,观察各组大鼠行为和情绪的变化。结果:纳入大鼠49只,最终进入结果分析49只,无脱失值。①大鼠情绪状态观察结果:实验结束后观察显示,睡眠剥夺 被动吸烟24h组较睡眠剥夺24h组,睡眠剥夺 被动吸烟54h组较睡眠剥夺54h组,睡眠剥夺54h组较睡眠剥夺24h组情绪低靡,蜷缩喜静,对外界刺激不敏感,反应冷漠,对其他鼠的攻击行为较少。②旷场实验测试结果:睡眠剥夺24h组距旷场中心的平均距离明显小于空白对照组及睡眠剥夺 被动吸烟24h组[(53.93±1.83,58.21±4.45,58.11±1.62)cm,(P<0.01～0.05)],睡眠剥夺54h组距旷场中心平均距离明显大于睡眠剥夺24h组[(61.53±3.02,58.11±1.62)cm,(P<0.01)],睡眠剥夺24h组的运动总距离明显大于睡眠剥夺 被动吸烟24h组及空白对照组[(3310.45±1445.97,1818.20±733.25,2338.15±694.70)cm,(P<0.01～0.05)],睡眠剥夺54h组运动总距离明显大于睡眠剥夺 被动吸烟54h组,小于睡眠剥夺24h组[(2410.70±548.64,1473.50±945.89,3310.45±1445.97)cm,(P<0.05)]。结论:大鼠的行为和情绪反应随睡眠剥夺时间的延长呈现先兴奋后抑制的趋势,而被动吸烟在整个大鼠睡眠剥夺过程中对大鼠的行为和情绪状态起抑制作用。

Effect of passive smoking on the behavior and emotion of rats with acute sleep deprivation

BACKGROUND:Sleep deprivation, resulting in a series of physiological and psychological reactions, is a common phenomenon in our modem society. Recently, many physical and medical therapies are on their way to eliminate the negative influence the sleep deprivation exerted on our human beings, and a large number of cigarette smokers believe that cigarette smoke can obviously improve their abnormal behavioral performance and negative emotional fluctuation caused by sleep deprivation in short terms.However, there are few researches but many disputes when it comes to effect of passive smoking on the behavior and emotion of rats on the occasion of acute sleep deprivation.OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of passive smoking (PS) on the behavior and emotion of rats with acute sleep deprivation (SD).DESIGN: Completed randomized and controlled study.SETTING: Basic Medicine Experiment Center, School of Basic Medicine;Department of Radiation Medicine, School of Preventive Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University of Chinese PLA.MATERIALS: The experiment was carried out at Experiment Center of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University of Chinese PLA from April to June 2004. Totally 49 healthy adult male Sprague-Dawley rats,being 3 months old, weighting (180±15) g, were randomly divided into 5groups: sleep deprivation + 24-hour passive smoking group (n=8), 24-hour sleep deprivation group (n=8), sleep deprivation + 54-hour passive smoking group (n=8), 54-hour sleep deprivation group (n=8), and blank control group (n=7).METHODS: ① Rats in sleep deprivation + 24-hour passive smoking group, 24-hour sleep deprivation group, sleep deprivation + 54-hour passive smoking group and 54-hour sleep deprivation group were performed with sleep deprivation with flower pot method for 24 and 54 hours, and rats in sleep deprivation + 24-hour passive smoking group and sleep deprivation + 54-hour passive smoking group were treated with passive smoking at the same time at a frequency of 12 times/day, 120 minute/time, 3cigarettes were lighted at the same time and kept into ashes. ② Broad field test was conducted to determine the behavioral and emotional changes of the rats. We trailed their activities by video recorder for 5 minutes each time. Then we presented the image information to computer process and finally got the total distance and the average distance from the center of the broad field for each rat during the 5-minite test. Meanwhile, we also observed the emotional variety and excitability of the rats. The nearer the average distance from center was, the more the emotional behavior and the greater excitability were; and the longer the total distance was, the greater the excitability was. ③ All the data were expressed with Mean ± SD, the method of non-parametric rank sum test was adopte d for comparing among groups, P ＜ 0.05 was regarded as statistical significance.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Comparisons between DC and TD of rats in each group, and changes of behavior and emotion of rats in each group.RESULTS: Data of all the 49 rats was entered the final data analysis without any loss. ① Observation of emotional stage: Compared with sleep deprivation + 54-hour passive smoking group, rats in sleep deprivation+24-hour passive smoking group appeared more quiet and indifferent, and presented lower excitability, less sensitivity to outside stimulus and less aggressive behaviors towards other rats, and the same as 24-hour sleep deprivation group, compared with 54-hour sleep deprivation group. ② Results from the open field test: DC of 24-hour sleep deprivation group was significantly smaller than that of blank control group and sleep deprivation + 24-hour passive smoking group [(53.93±1.83, 58.21±4.45, 58.11±1.62) cm, (P＜ 0.01-0.05)]. DC of 54-hour sleep deprivation group was significantly bigger than that of 24-hour sleep deprivation group [(61.53±3.02, 58.11±1.62) cm, (P＜ 0.01)]; TD of 24-hour sleep deprivation group was significantly bigger than that of sleep deprivation + 24-hour passive smoking group [(3310.45±1 445.97, 1 818.20±733.25, 2 338.15±694.70) cm, (P ＜ 0.01-0.05)], and that of 54-hour sleep deprivation group was bigger than that of sleep deprivation + 54-hour passive smoking group andsmaller than that of 24-hour sleep deprivation group [(2 410.70t548.64, 1 473.50±945.89, 3 310.45±1 445.97) cm, (P＜0.05)].CONCLUSION: With the prolongation of sleep deprivation time, behavior and emotional reaction of rats are shown from exciting to inhibiting, however, passive smoking can inhibit behavior and emotional state of rats during the whole sleep deprivation.