Treatment with Azadirachta indica in diabetic pregnant rats: Negative effects on maternal outcome |
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| Authors: | Bruna Dallaqua,Felipe Hiroshi Saito,Tiago Rodrigues,Iracema Mattos Paranhos Calderon,Marilza Vieira Cunha Rudge,Emilio Herrera,Dé bora Cristina Damasceno |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Laboratory of Experimental Research on Gynecology and Obstetrics, Postgraduation Program in Gynecology, Obstetrics and Mastology, Botucatu Medical School, Universidade Estadual Paulista—UNESP, São Paulo State, Brazil;2. ABC Federal University (UFABC), Center of Natural and Human Sciences (CCNH), São Paulo State, Brazil;3. Faculties of Pharmacy and Medicine, Universidad San Pablo CEU, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain |
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| Abstract: | Ethnopharmacological relevanceThe role of Azadirachta indica (neem) against Chagas disease and its antibiotic and antidiabetic action have been demonstrated in non-pregnant animals. However, the effects of neem on lipid metabolism and oxidative stress during pregnancy remain to be investigated. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of Azadirachta indica (neem) on maternal reproductive performance and biochemical parameters in non-diabetic and streptozotocin-induced mild diabetic rats (MD).Materials and methodsPregnant rats were randomly distributed into six experimental groups: ND=non-treated non-diabetic (n=13); NDOil=non-diabetic treated with 1.2 mL/day neem seed oil (n=12); NDPA=non-diabetic treated with 1.0 mg/mL/day azadirachtin (n=12); D=non-treated diabetic (n=13); DOil: diabetic treated with neem seed oil (n=12), and DPA=diabetic treated with azadirachtin, n=13. Treatment with either neem oil (1.2 mL/day) or azadirachtin (1.0 mg/mL/day) was orally administered throughout pregnancy. Glucose test tolerance (GTT) was performed at day 17 of pregnancy and used as an inclusion criterion. At term pregnancy, maternal reproductive outcomes, lipid profile and oxidative stress status were assessed.ResultsTreatment with neem oil and azadirachtin during pregnancy (1) had no hypoglycemic and anti-hyperglycemic effects on non-diabetic and diabetic rats, respectively; (2) affected OGTT glycemic levels in diabetic rats; (3) increased the proportion of fetuses classified as small for pregnancy age (SPA) in all groups; and (4) did not interfere with the lipid profile in non-diabetic dams. Neem oil reduced the rate of total cholesterol and NEFA in diabetic animals. Both neem oil and azadirachtin increased lipoperoxidation, characterized by increased MDA levels in non-diabetic rats.ConclusionBoth neem seed oil and azadirachtin impaired intrauterine development and altered antioxidant/oxidative status during pregnancy. |
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| Keywords: | APA, appropriate for pregnancy age AUC, area under the curve CHO, total cholesterol D, diabetic non-treated DM, diabetes mellitus DM1, type 1 diabetes mellitus DOil, diabetic treated with seed oil neem DPA, diabetic treated with azadirachtin GSH-Px, glutathione peroxidase HDL, high-density lipoprotein HSL, hormone-sensitive lipase IL-10, Interleukin 10 LPA, Large for pregnancy age ND, non-diabetic non- treated (ND, n=13) NDOil, non-diabetic treated with seed oil neem NDPA, non-diabetic treated with azadirachtin NEFA, non-esterified fatty acids OGTT, oral glucose test tolerance ROS, reactive oxygen species SC, subcutaneously SD, standard deviation SH, thiol groups SOD, superoxide dismutase SPA, small for pregnancy age STZ, streptozotocin TBARS, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances TG, triglycerides. |
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