Sex- or Gender-specific Differences in the Clinical Presentation,Outcome, and Treatment of SARS-CoV-2 |
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| Authors: | Jeannette Wolfe Basmah Safdar Tracy E. Madsen Kinjal N. Sethuraman Bruce Becker Marna Rayl Greenberg Alyson J. McGregor |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School–Baystate, Springfield, MA, USA;2. Department of Emergency Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA;3. Department of Emergency Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA;4. Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA;5. Department of Emergency and Hospital Medicine, Lehigh Valley Health Network/Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Allentown, PA, USA |
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| Abstract: | This review describes the sex and gender differences in COVID-19 presentation, treatment, and outcomes. We discuss the differences between the sexes in susceptibility to infection, the role of sex chromosomes on the body's immunologic response and the influence of hormones on the body's response to the virus. Additionally, the sex differences in clinical and laboratory presentation, complications of infection and outcomes, as well as differences in response to treatment and prevention are reviewed. |
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| Keywords: | Immunology long haulers Sars Cov2 sex-disaggregated analysis sex and gender based medicine |
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