Fresh ginger (Zingiber officinale) has anti-viral activity against human respiratory syncytial virus in human respiratory tract cell lines |
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Authors: | Jung San Chang Kuo Chih Wang Chia Feng Yeh Den En Shieh Lien Chai Chiang |
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Institution: | 1. Department of Renal Care, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan;2. Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan;3. Department of Food Science and Technology, Tajen University of Technology, Ping-Tung, Taiwan;4. Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan |
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Abstract: | Ethnopharmacological relevanceGinger, Zingiber officinale Roscoe, is a common spice and also a widely used medicinal plant in ancient China. Ginger is an ingredient of Ge-Gen-Tang (Kakkon-to; GGT). GGT has been proved to have antiviral activity against human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV). However, it is unknown whether ginger is effective against HRSV.Aim of the studyTo find a readily available agent to manage HRSV infection, the authors tested the hypothesis that ginger can effectively decrease HRSV-induced plaque formation in respiratory mucosal cell lines.Materials and methodsEffect of hot water extracts of fresh and dried gingers on HRSV was tested by plaque reduction assay in both human upper (HEp-2) and low (A549) respiratory tract cell lines. Ability of ginger to stimulate anti-viral cytokines was evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).ResultsFresh ginger dose-dependently inhibited HRSV-induced plaque formation in both HEp-2 and A549 cell lines (p<0.0001). In contrast, dried ginger didn't show any dose-dependent inhibition. 300 μg/ml fresh ginger could decrease the plaque counts to 19.7% (A549) and 27.0% (HEp-2) of that of the control group. Fresh ginger was more effective when given before viral inoculation (p<0.0001), particularly on A549 cells. 300 μg/ml fresh ginger could decrease the plaque formation to 12.9% when given before viral inoculation. Fresh ginger dose-dependently inhibited viral attachment (p<0.0001) and internalization (p<0.0001). Fresh ginger of high concentration could stimulate mucosal cells to secrete IFN-β that possibly contributed to counteracting viral infection.ConclusionsFresh, but not dried, ginger is effective against HRSV-induced plaque formation on airway epithelium by blocking viral attachment and internalization. |
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Keywords: | A549 Human lung carcinoma cell ATCC The American Type Culture Collection CC50 50% cytotoxic concentration DMSO Dimethylsulfoxide ELISA Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay FCS Fetal calf serum HEp-2 Human larynx epidermoid carcinoma cell IC50 Minimal concentration required to inhibit 50% cytopathic effect IFN Interferon MEM Minimum essential medium PBS Phosphate-buffered saline pfu Plaque forming unit RSV Respiratory syncytial virus Zingiber officinale Zingiber officinale ginger |
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