Vascular endothelial growth factor-C, a potential paracrine regulator of glomerular permeability, increases glomerular endothelial cell monolayer integrity and intracellular calcium

We have previously reported expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A and -C in glomerular podocytes and actions of VEGF-A on glomerular endothelial cells (GEnC) that express VEGF receptor-2 (VEGFR-2). Here we define VEGFR-3 expression in GEnC and investigate the effects of the ligand VEGF-C. Renal cortex and cultured GEnC were examined by microscopy, and both cell and glomerular lysates were assessed by Western blotting. VEGF-C effects on trans-endothelial electrical resistance and albumin flux across GEnC monolayers were measured. The effects of VEGF-C156S, a VEGFR-3-specific agonist, and VEGF-A were also studied. VEGF-C effects on intracellular calcium ([Ca²⁺]_i) were measured using a fluorescence technique, receptor phosphorylation was examined by immunoprecipitation assays, and phosphorylation of myosin light chain-2 and VE-cadherin was assessed by blotting with phospho-specific antibodies. GEnC expressed VEGFR-3 in tissue sections and culture, and VEGF-C increased trans-endothelial electrical resistance in a dose-dependent manner with a maximal effect at 120 minutes of 6.8 Ω whereas VEGF-C156S had no effect. VEGF-C reduced labeled albumin flux by 32.8%. VEGF-C and VEGF-A increased [Ca²⁺]_i by 15% and 39%, respectively. VEGF-C phosphorylated VEGFR-2 but not VEGFR-3, myosin light chain-2, or VE-cadherin. VEGF-C increased GEnC monolayer integrity and increased [Ca²⁺]_i, which may be related to VEGF-C-S particular receptor binding and phosphorylation induction characteristics. These observations suggest that podocytes direct GEnC behavior through both VEGF-C and VEGF-A.