面向组织工程化软组织的制造技术及增材制造

背景：近年来，组织工程支架的制造方法众多，特别是增材制造技术因其独特的累积成型原理，为复杂软组织支架的高精度制造提供了高效、可靠的制造技术，也推动了大缺损软组织修复研究。目的：总结近年来关于面向软组织支架的制造方法，对其进行简要的综述，并探讨其存在的问题与前景。方法：应用计算机检索PubMed数据库及中国知网数据库2010年1月至2013年9月关于软组织支架的制造方法的文章，英文检索词为“additive manufacturing，microfabrication，vascular tissue engineering，muscle tissue engineering，cartilage tissue engineering，stereolithography，3D printing，biodegradable hydrogel”, 中文检索词为“增材制造，微制造，血管组织工程，肌肉组织工程，软骨组织工程，光固化快速成型，三维打印技术，可降解水凝胶”。结果与结论：软组织大块缺损支架的制造，已由简单平面结构向复杂三维转变，并考虑到软组织内部血管的作用，在制造过程中将软组织支架材料与细胞、生长因子结合，达到解决支架内部血管化的问题。增材制造技术为复杂形状的软组织活性支架的高精度制造提供了新的方法。水凝胶/细胞的构建是软组织支架的关键，而与之相关的高精度增材制造技术原理和制造工艺，以及水凝胶、细胞与生长因子的组装方法则是突破这一关键的核心技术。中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料；骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性；组织工程全文链接：

Tissue-engineered soft tissue oriented manufacturing technologies and additive manufacturing

BACKGROUND: In recent years, many manufacturing techniques have been recently developed for soft tissue engineering scaffolds. Especially additive manufacturing with a unique material accumulated forming principle can be feasible and reliable to manufacture the highly precise scaffolds with gradient structures and multi-materials for large soft tissue defect repairing.   OBJECTIVE:To summarize scaffolds manufacturing technologies in the soft tissue engineering applications developed in recent years and to predict the direction of development.METHODS: A retrieval was performed for the literature about the manufacturing methods of soft tissue scaffolds using key words of “additive manufacturing, microfabrication, vascular tissue engineering, muscle tissue engineering, cartilage tissue engineering, stereolithography, 3D printing, biodegradable hydrogel” in English and Chinese, which were published between January 2010 and September 2013 in PubMed Database and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) Database.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:For large soft tissue defects repairing, structure design of the scaffolds has been shifted from a simple planar structure to a more complex three-dimensional structure, and integration of scaffold structure, materials and cells, and growth factors during the manufacturing procedure can be used to obtain the resolution of vascularization. Additive manufacturings become one of the most promising approaches for the ideal soft tissue scaffolds with gradient and complex structure and multi-materials. In particular, the hydrogel/cell composite scaffolds fabrication, a hot but promising approach to develop the soft tissue engineering will be made progress by the accurate principles and processes of the hydrogel additive manufacturing combined with the introduction of living cells and growth factors.