A high ratio of dietary n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids is associated with increased risk of prostate cancer |
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Authors: | Christina D Williams Brian M Whitley Cathrine HoyoDelores J Grant Jared D Iraggi Kathryn A Newman Leah Gerber Loretta A Taylor Madeline G McKeever Stephen J Freedland |
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Institution: | a Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USAb Center for Health Services Research in Primary Care, Durham VA Medical Center, Durham, NC 27705, USAc Duke Prostate Center, Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USAd Department of Community and Family Medicine and the Duke Comprehensive Cancer Center, Durham, NC 27710, USAe Cancer Research Program, JLC-Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USAf Department of Surgery, Durham VA Medical Center, Durham, NC 27705, USAg Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA |
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Abstract: | Experimental studies suggest omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) suppress and n-6 PUFA promote prostate tumor carcinogenesis. Epidemiologic evidence remains inconclusive. The objectives of this study were to examine the association between n-3 and n-6 PUFA and prostate cancer risk and determine if these associations differ by race or disease aggressiveness. We hypothesize that high intakes of n-3 and n-6 PUFA will be associated with lower and higher prostate cancer risk, respectively. A case-control study comprising 79 prostate cancer cases and 187 controls was conducted at the Durham VA Medical Center. Diet was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire. Logistic regression analyses were used to obtain odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for the associations between n-3 and n-6 PUFA intakes, the dietary ratio of n-6/n-3 fatty acids, and prostate cancer risk. Our results showed no significant associations between specific n-3 or n-6 PUFA intakes and prostate cancer risk. The highest dietary ratio of n-6/n-3 was significantly associated with elevated risk of high-grade (OR, 3.55; 95% CI, 1.18-10.69; Ptrend = 0.03), but not low-grade prostate cancer (OR, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.43-2.17). In race-specific analyses, an increasing dietary ratio of n-6/n-3 fatty acids correlated with higher prostate cancer risk among white men (Ptrend = 0.05), but not black men. In conclusion, our findings suggest that a high dietary ratio of n-6/n-3 fatty acids may increase the risk of overall prostate cancer among white men and possibly increase the risk of high-grade prostate cancer among all men. |
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Keywords: | AA arachidonic acid ALA α-linolenic acid BMI body mass index BPH benign prostate hyperplasia CI confidence interval EPA eicosapentaenoic acid DHA docosahexanoic acid FFQ food frequency questionnaire LA linoleic acid OR odds ratio PSA prostate-specific antigen PUFA polyunsaturated fatty acid |
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