Emotion-induced retrograde amnesia varies as a function of noradrenergic-glucocorticoid activity |
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Authors: | René Hurlemann Andreas Matusch Barbara Hawellek Dietrich Klingmuller Heike Kolsch Wolfgang Maier Raymond J. Dolan |
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Affiliation: | (1) Department of Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53105 Bonn, Germany;(2) Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Division of Endocrinology, University of Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany;(3) Brain Imaging Center West, Research Center Juelich, 52425 Juelich, Germany;(4) Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK |
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Abstract: | Rationale Privileged episodic encoding of an aversive event often comes at a cost of neutral events flanking the aversive event, resulting in decreased episodic memory for these neutral events. This peri-emotional amnesia is amygdala-dependent and varies as a function of norepinephrine activity. However, less is known about the amnesiogenic potential of cortisol. Objective We used a strategy of pharmacologically potentiating cortisol and norepinephrine activity to probe the putative neurochemical substrates of peri-emotional amnesia. Materials and methods Fifty-four healthy individuals participated in a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study. Within the experimental context of an established peri-emotional amnesia paradigm, we tested the amnesiogenic potential of hydrocortisone (30 mg p.o.) in the presence or absence of the norepinephrine-reuptake inhibitor reboxetine (4 mg p.o.). Results Under dual challenge conditions, we observed a linear dose–response relationship in the magnitude and duration of emotion-induced retrograde amnesia. Conclusions Our results are consistent with a phenotypic expression of retrograde amnesia varying as a function of norepinephrine and cortisol coactivation during episodic encoding of aversive events. Our study demonstrates that the adverse cognitive and behavioral sequelae of aversive emotion can be experimentally modeled by a pharmacological manipulation of its putative neurochemical substrates. Electronic Supplementary Material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. |
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Keywords: | Emotion Amnesia Memory Stress Cortisol Norepinephrine Reboxetine |
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