危重病患儿急性颅内高压及脑水肿的病因和病死危险因素分析

目的　调查儿科重症监护病区 (PICU)危重病患儿发生急性颅内高压及脑水肿的原因、流行病学特点和病死危险因素。方法　总结 1999年 1月 - 2 0 0 3年 12月 ,我院PICU危重病患者中 ,急性颅内高压及脑水肿患儿的病因、预后与多器官功能不全综合征 (MODS)的关系。利用队列研究对患者病死危险因素进行分析。结果　 14 4 6例危重病患儿中 ,2 16例发生急性颅内高压及脑水肿 ,病死率2 9 2 %。 5年间病死率无明显变化 (χ2 =0 371,P =0 985 )。神经系统与非神经系统原发疾病病死率差异无统计学意义 (χ2 =0 5 4 6 ,P =0 4 6 0 )。神经系统感染、意外伤害和败血症是常见病因 ,分别占2 7 8%、2 2 4 %和 10 2 %。对 12个死亡因素进行统计学分析 ,显示合并器官衰竭数目、年龄小、入科当日危重评分值、有基础疾病、呼吸衰竭和瞳孔大小改变与病死率显著相关 (P <0 0 5或P <0 0 0 1)。结论　 1999年以来 ,颅内高压及脑水肿患儿的病死率依然很高。神经系统感染、意外伤害和败血症是主要发病危险因素 ;患病年龄小于 1岁、低危重评分及合并MODS是病死主要危险因素。

Cause and mortality analysis of acute intracranial hypertension and cerebral edema in pediatric intensive care unit

OBJECTIVE: Acute intracranial hypertension/cerebral edema (ICH/CE) is an increase in brain volume caused by an absolute increase in cerebral tissue water content. Severe ICH/CE is often associated with a higher mortality and higher neurological consequence rate in intensive care unit. However, little relevant information is available on critical condition of central nervous system in children. The aim of this survey was to study the causes, clinical epidemiology and risk factors of critical illness with ICH/CE in pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). METHODS: Case records of critically ill patients with ICH/CE admitted to PICU in Children's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University during the period from January, 1999 to December, 2003 were reviewed for causes, case fatality rate, prognosis and relationship with multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS). Univariate analyses were performed to identify risk factors associated with ICH/CE. RESULTS: During the 5 years, 1446 cases with critical illnesses were admitted and ICH/CE developed in 216 patients. The leading causes of ICH/CE were central nervous system infection (27.8%), accidental injuries (22.4%), and sepsis (10.2%). The overall mortality of the patients with ICH/CE was 29.2%. The mortality showed no significant change during the years from 1999 to 2003 (chi(2) = 0.371, P = 0.985). There was no significant difference in mortality of patients with ICH/CE between those with and without neurological diseases (chi(2) = 0.546, P = 0.460). Univariate analyses involving 12 factors indicated the following risk factors: younger age, number of failed organ, lower pediatric critical illness score, underlying diseases, abnormal respiration and change in size of pupil (P < 0.05 or < 0.001). The following factors were not associated with higher risk of death from ICH/CE: sex, organ of primary disease, Glasgow coma score ( 7) on admission, elevated blood pressure and anterior fontanelle change (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The mortality of ICH/CE remains high since 1999. Central nervous system infection, accidental injuries, and sepsis were leading causes of ICH/CE in PICU of the hospital. Children who had ICH/CE due to younger age, lower pediatric critical illness score, and complicated with MODS had a higher mortality rate.