The Gait Disorientation Test: A New Method for Screening Adults With Dizziness and Imbalance |
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| Authors: | Colin R. Grove Bryan C. Heiderscheit G Mark Pyle Brian J. Loyd Susan L. Whitney |
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| Affiliation: | 1. School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI;2. Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI;3. Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI;4. Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of Montana, Missoula, MT;5. Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT;6. Department of Physical Therapy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA |
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| Abstract: | ObjectiveTo develop and evaluate a new method for identifying gait disorientation due to vestibular dysfunction.DesignThe gait disorientation test (GDT) involves a timed comparison of the ability to walk 6.096 m with eyes open versus eyes closed. In this prospective study, participants were grouped based on vestibular function. All participants completed a clinical examination, self-report- and performance-based measures relevant to vestibular rehabilitation, and the tasks for the GDT. Vestibular-impaired participants underwent the criterion standard, videonystagmography and/or rotational chair testing.SettingAmbulatory clinic, tertiary referral center.ParticipantsParticipants (N=40) (20 vestibular-impaired, 30 women, 49.9±16.1years old) were enrolled from a convenience/referral sample of 52 adults.Main Outcome and Measure(s)We determined test-retest reliability using the intraclass correlation coefficient model 3,1; calculated the minimal detectable change (MDC); examined concurrent validity through Spearman correlation coefficients; assessed criterion validity with the area under the curve (AUC) from receiver operator characteristic analysis; and computed the sensitivity, specificity, diagnostic odds ratio (DOR), likelihood ratios for positive (LR+) and negative (LR?) tests, and posttest probabilities of a diagnosis of vestibulopathy. The 95% confidence interval demonstrates measurement uncertainty.ResultsTest-retest reliability was 0.887 (0.815, 0.932). The MDC was 3.7 seconds. Correlations with other measures ranged from 0.59 (0.34, 0.76) to ?0.85 (?0.92, ?0.74). The AUC was 0.910 (0.822, 0.998), using a threshold of 4.5 seconds. The sensitivity and specificity were 0.75 (0.51, 0.91) and 0.95 (0.75, 1), respectively. The DOR=57 (6, 541.47), LR+ =15 (2.18, 103.0), and LR? =0.26 (0.12, 0.9). Positive posttest probabilities were 89%-94%.Conclusions and RelevanceThe GDT has good reliability, excellent discriminative ability, strong convergent validity, and promising clinical utility. |
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| Keywords: | Bilateral vestibulopathy Rehabilitation Sensitivity and specificity Spatial navigation Vestibular diseases 95% CI" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kwrd0040" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" 95% confidence interval ABCS" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kwrd0050" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" Activities-specific Balance Confidence Scale AUC" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kwrd0060" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" area under the curve COMP" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kwrd0070" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" composite score DHI" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kwrd0080" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" Dizziness Handicap Inventory DOR" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kwrd0090" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" diagnostic odds ratio DVAT" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kwrd0100" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" dynamic visual acuity test FGA" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kwrd0110" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" Functional Gait Assessment FGA1" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kwrd0120" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" Functional Gait Assessment, item 1 FGA8" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kwrd0130" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" Functional Gait Assessment, item 8 FTSTST" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kwrd0140" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" Five-times Sit-to-stand Test GDT" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kwrd0150" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" Gait Disorientation Test hDVAT" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kwrd0160" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" horizontal dynamic visual acuity test hHIT" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kwrd0170" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" horizontal head impulse test HSN" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kwrd0180" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" head shaking nystagmus LR" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kwrd0190" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" likelihood ratio LR+" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kwrd0200" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" likelihood ratio for a positive test LR?" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kwrd0210" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" likelihood ratio for a negative test MDC" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kwrd0220" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" minimal detectable change RC" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kwrd0230" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" rotational chair ROC" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kwrd0240" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" receiver operator characteristic SOM" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kwrd0250" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" somatosensory score SOT" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kwrd0260" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" Sensory Organization Test vDVAT" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kwrd0270" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" vertical dynamic visual acuity test VNG" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kwrd0280" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" videonystagmography |
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