Lifestyle factors and stroke risk: Exercise, alcohol, diet, obesity, smoking, drug use, and stress |
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Authors: | Bernadette Boden-Albala MPH Ralph L Sacco MD MS |
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Institution: | (1) Department of Neurology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons and Division of Epidemiology, and Division of Socio-medicine Science, Columbia University School of Public University, 710 West 168th Street, 10032 New York, NY, USA |
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Abstract: | Various lifestyle factors have been associated with increasing the risk of stroke. These include lack of exercise, alcohol,
diet, obesity, smoking, drug use, and stress. Guidelines endorsed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the
National Institutes of Health recommend that Americans should exercise for at least 30 minutes of moderately intense physical
activity on most, and preferably all, days of the week. Recent epidemiologic studies have shown a U-shaped curve for alcohol
consumption and coronary heart disease mortality, with low-to-moderate alcohol consumption associated with lower overall mortality.
High daily dietary intake of fat is associated with obesity and may act as an independent risk factor or may affect other
stroke risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and cardiac disease. Homocysteine is another important
dietary component associated with stroke risk, while other dietary stroke risk factors are thought to be mediated through
the daily intake of several vitamins and antioxidants. Smoking, especially current smoking, is a crucial and extremely modifiable
independent determinant of stroke. Despite the obstacles to the modification of lifestyle factors, health professionals should
be encouraged to continue to identify such factors and help improve our ability to prevent stroke. |
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