Percutaneous stone implantation in the pig kidney: a new animal model for lithotripsy research |
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Authors: | Paterson Ryan F Lingeman James E Evan Andrew P Connors Bret A Williams James C McAteer James A |
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Institution: | Methodist Hospital Institute for Kidney Stone Disease, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA. rpaterson@clarion.org |
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Abstract: | PURPOSE: This report describes a new animal model for research on the parameters of shockwave delivery and the mechanisms of shockwave action in SWL. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Female pigs (approximately 45 kg) were anesthetized for creation of an upper pole peripheral caliceal access. The tract was dilated with a 30F Nephromax balloon and Amplatz sheath, and a 24F rigid nephroscope was used to guide a gypsum artificial stone into a lower pole calix. An internal ureteral stent was then placed. After a 2-hour recovery period, lithotripsy was performed using an unmodified Dornier HM3 lithotripter. Following SWL, en bloc excision of the urinary tract was performed, and the stone fragments were collected. RESULTS: As observed by nephroscopy, most stones were surrounded by urine that was free of clot or debris. Urine output was >1 mL/kg per minute by the time the animal was positioned for SWL after a 2-hour observation period. When the conditions of shockwave (SW) exposure were 400 SWs, 20 kV, and 120 SW/min, the efficiency of stone fragment recovery was 85% +/- 2% (N = 6 stones). CONCLUSIONS: This procedure provides a minimally invasive method for placement of model stones of clinically relevant size within the pig kidney. Stone implantation is efficient and permits experiments to be conducted in 1 day. Stone fragmentation can be quantitated, and the animal can serve as its own control. Long-term experiments are also feasible. Overall, this new animal model is appropriate for experimentation on the parameters of SW delivery in SWL. |
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