False-positive human immunodeficiency virus antibody test in a dialysis patient

A patient developed end-stage renal disease secondary to p-anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (p-ANCA) positive rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis. He subsequently had human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 antibody screening performed as part of a pre-transplant evaluation. The HIV-1 enzyme immunoassay (EIA) antibody test was repeatedly reactive. The HIV-1 western blot was indeterminate. The western blot pattern revealed non-specific staining obscuring bands in that region. Another sample of serum was sent and the results were identical to the first result. An HIV-1 proviral qualitative polymerase chain reaction test was then performed several months later and no HIV-1 DNA was detected. One year later, an HIV-1 RNA test was negative. Thus, the positive antibody EIA test and the indeterminate western blot represent a false-positive result, most likely due to cross-reacting antigens in the patients serum with various HIV antibodies. Throughout this period and thereafter, the patient has exhibited no symptoms of HIV infection.