Drugs acting on the heart: heart failure and coronary insufficiency

Heart failure (HF) and coronary insufficiency are common amongst surgical and critical care patients. Both are chronic conditions interrupted by acute episodes. HF activates neurohormonal mechanisms that worsen renal and cardiac function. Acute heart failure (AHF) commonly presents with dyspnoea as a consequence of systolic and/or diastolic dysfunction. Goals of treatment are symptom relief to maintain tissue perfusion and optimize cardiac function. Diuretics and vasodilators are used early; positive inotropic drugs are reserved for when other treatment has failed. Chronic heart failure (CHF) is treated using changes in lifestyle and drugs to manage symptoms. ACE inhibitors and beta-blockers are effective in systolic heart failure and are associated with improved mortality. HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFPEF) is less responsive to drug therapy, though outcomes are better than for systolic HF. Coronary insufficiency occurs because of an imbalance of myocardial oxygen balance, leading to symptoms of ischaemic heart disease (IHD). Treatment goals are maintaining coronary blood flow and reducing myocardial oxygen demand. Beta-blockers and anti-platelet drugs improve outcomes; modern anti-platelets are more effective but are associated with risks of haemorrhage. Statins are effective for primary and secondary prevention of myocardial infarction; they have additional anti-inflammatory properties.