Breast cancer screening

Radiographic imaging of the breast began in the early years of the twentieth century. Continuous advances in film quality, energy sources, targets, grids, and filters have all contributed to superior image resolution. Federal quality standards now regulate screening mammography, and mass screening for breast cancer has become widely accepted in the United States. Wider application of screening has resulted in a dramatic apparent increase in incidence rates of breast cancer; a large proportion of this increase is in ductal carcinoma in situ. During the past 30 years, nine prospective, randomized trials to evaluate the ability of screening mammography to reduce mortality from breast cancer have been completed. These trials show a 30% reduction in mortality for women ages 50–69 years, but the benefit to women aged 40–49 years remains uncertain. This uncertainty is largely attributable to the lack of properly designed and conducted studies to evaluate screening efficacy in younger women. Although there is no biological reason to predict poor screening performance in the younger age groups, the sensitivity of screening mammography is lower in younger women. Additional data suggest that screening intervals longer than 12 months are ineffective in women younger than 50 years. With shorter screening intervals, the cost associated with screening mammography is comparable to other life-saving measures widely applied in the population. New breast imaging techniques hold promise for superior image quality, but they remain investigational as tools for mass screening. Until primary prevention of breast cancer is a reality, mass screening remains available to reduce mortality from breast cancer.