Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) provide co-stimulation in positive selection along with survival of selected thymocytes

T-cell differentiation in the thymus depends on positive selection of CD4+CD8+ double positive (DP) thymocytes by thymic major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. Positive selection allows maturation of only those thymocytes that are capable of self-peptide-MHC recognition. Thymocytes that fail to bind self-peptide-MHC die by apoptosis. An important question in thymocyte differentiation is whether co-stimulation is required for positive selection and on which cells co-stimulatory molecules may be expressed in the thymus. The vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM-1) and the intercellular cell adhesion molecule (ICAM-1) are known to be potent co-stimulatory molecules in activation of peripheral T-cells by interacting with the integrins VLA-4 and LFA-1, respectively. We were prompted to investigate whether VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 may also act as co-stimulators during selection of thymocytes. By using recombinant proteins of murine VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 fused to the Fc region of human IgG1 (rVCAM-1, rICAM-1) we examined the capacity of VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 to act as co-stimulatory molecules in positive selection in vitro. Triggering the CD3/TCR complex together with co-stimulation applied by rVCAM-1 or rICAM-1 induced the generation of CD4+ single positive (SP) thymocytes from CD4+CD8+ DP thymocytes whereas either signal alone did not result in generation of CD4+ SP thymocytes. VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 act therefore as co-stimulatory molecules in thymocyte positive selection in vitro. The generation of CD4+ SP cells is accompanied by cell survival both when it was co-stimulated with rVCAM-1 and with rICAM-1. Importantly we show here that VCAM-1 expression in the murine thymus is restricted to cortical F4/80 positive hematopoietic antigen presenting cells (hAPC) present exclusively in the cortex whereas expression of ICAM-1 has been reported on the epithelium both in cortex and medulla. This suggests that not only the cortical epithelium may use the co-stimulatory molecule ICAM-1 to mediate positive selection, but also cortical hAPCs may contribute to positive selection of thymocytes by using the co-stimulator VCAM-1.